1、Designation: D5743 97 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forSampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, With or WithoutSolids, in Drums or Similar Containers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5743; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods forcollecting samples of
3、 single or multilayered liquids, with orwithout solids, in drums or similar containers. These methodsare adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of110 gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable tohazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collec-tion and handling r
4、equirements should be described in thesite-specific work plan.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does
5、not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements ar
6、e given in 7.2.7.1 and Notes 1 and 2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Quali
7、ty Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD5495 Practice for Sampling With a Composite LiquidWaste Sampler (COLIWASA)2.2 Other Documents:Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/600/S2-86/013, PB 165362, October 19863Accident Prevention Manual; Engineering and Technol-o
8、gy 13th Edition, 20094Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual forHazardous Waste Site Activities, No. 85-115, October198553. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bondingtouching the sampling equipment to thedrum to form an electrically conductive path to minimizepotential electrical differences b
9、etween the sampling equip-ment and drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.3.1.2 bungusually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diameter threaded plug designed specifically to close a bunghole.3.1.3 bung holean opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied, or vented.3.1
10、.4 deheadingremoval of the lid of a closed-head drum;it is usually accomplished with a drum deheader.3.1.5 drumimplicitly any drum, barrel, or non-bulk con-tainer of 5 to 110-gal (19 to 416-L) capacity.3.1.6 paila small container, usually of 5-gal (19-L) capac-ity. Pails typically have bungs or spou
11、ts, or the entire lid can beremoved.3.1.7 paperworkall required site documentation, whichmay include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety datasheets (MSDS), site forms, sample labels, seals, and chain ofcustody forms.3.1.8 sludgeany mixture of solids that settles out ofsolution. Sludges co
12、ntain liquids that are not apparent as freeliquids.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 19
13、95. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5743 97(2008).DOI: 10.1520/D5743-97R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
14、 page onthe ASTM website.3Available (for free) at http:/www.epa.gov/nscep.4Available from National Safety Council, 1121 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca, IL60143and at www.nsc.org.5Available from National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)at 800-356-4674 (hardcopy) or http:/www. osha.gov/pub
15、lications/complinks/OSHG-Hazwaste/4agency.html (download)Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.9 work plana plan specific to a particular site; it is forconducting activities specified in the plan.4. Summary of Practice4
16、.1 The drum and its contents are inspected, and appropriatesampling equipment is selected. A clean sampling device islowered slowly into the liquid to be sampled.After the materialhas entered the device, it is removed from the drum. Thecontents of the device are discharged into a sample container.Th
17、e sampling device is then either disposed of or cleaned anddecontaminated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples ofsingle and multilayered liquids, with or without solids, fromdrums or similar containers, including those that are unstable,ruptured, or othe
18、rwise compromised. Special handling proce-dures (for example, remote drum opening, overpressurizeddrum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in DrumHandling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.6. Interferences6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled, and thecondition and accessibility
19、of the drums, will have a significantimpact on the selection of sampling equipment.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 General Principles and Precautions:7.1.1 Samples should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work plan (Practice D5283 and Guide D4687).This plan must include a worker health and safety sec
20、tionbecause there are potential hazards associated with openingdrums as well as potentially hazardous contents. See theOccupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Haz-ardous Waste Site Activities for information on health andsafety at hazardous waste sites.7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures mu
21、st be applied to con-ditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specify rigidrules describing the precise manner of sample collectionbecause of unknowns associated with each liquid samplingsituation. It is essential that the samples be collected by atrained and experienced sampler because
22、of the various con-ditions under which drummed liquids must be sampled.7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence state-ments concerning the properties of a sampled lot, the samplingprocedure must allow for some element of randomness inselection because of possible variations in the material
23、. Thesampler should always be on the alert for possible biasesarising from the use of a particular sampling device or fromunexpected segregation within the material.7.1.4 The sampling equipment, sample preparationequipment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inertto the material being s
24、ampled.All equipment, including samplecontainers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they areclear of obvious dirt and contamination and are in goodworking condition. Visible contamination must be removed,and the equipment must be decontaminated with the appropri-ate rinse materials. Decont
25、aminated sampling equipmentshould be protected from contamination. This may include, butnot be limited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags,polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, or other means of protec-tion that will not impact the sample quality or intendedanalysis.7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Prac
26、tices:7.2.1 Review all paperwork.7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containersappropriate for the material in the drum, as detailed in the workplan.7.2.3 Enter the work zone.7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note anyabnormal conditions (for example, rust marks, stains, bulg
27、es,or other signs of pressurization or leaks) that may requirespecial handling. The work plan should clearly define thelimiting conditions under which special handling proceduresshall be initiated. See Drum Handling Practices at HazardousWaste Sites for information on opening overpressurized drumsan
28、d the use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated workarea if they cannot be sampled in their current location. SeeDrum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for furtherinformation on staging drums.7.2.5.1 Move the drums to upright stable
29、 positions if nec-essary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to preventmovement hazards.7.2.5.2 Allow adequate time for the drum contents tostabilize if movement of a drum is required. The settling timeis dependent on the type of material expected.7.2.5.3 Number or identify uniquely all dr
30、ums to besampled.7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from drum labels,markings, data sheets, and so forth, in the field log book or onforms specified in the work plan.7.2.6.2 Verify that there are no discrepancies with existingpaperwork.7.2
31、.6.3 Any discovered inconsistency from the paperwork(such as evidence of crystals on the drum exterior) should benoted in the field log book.7.2.7 Slowly remove the bung or loosen the ring that securesthe lid, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:(1) If the drum or
32、 pail appears to be under positive ornegative pressure (that is, a slight bulge or dimple in the lid),control the release of pressure until it has equalized. Forexample, if the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen thesmaller bung first since doing so will make it easier to controlthe release
33、of pressure.(2) Pails equipped with snap-on lids may be difficult toopen. Care must be exercised when opening to minimize thepotential of splashing of the contents.(3) If the top of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), itmay “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the samplerwith any material that
34、is sitting on top of the drum.D5743 97 (2013)2(4) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or suddenpressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi-ately and evaluate whether remote drum opening equipmentshould be used.(5) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum andsampling equi
35、pment should be grounded if the generation ofstatic electricity while opening or sampling the drum is apossibility. The drum and sampling equipment should begrounded to a ground stake or to an existing ground (buildingground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New glass, plastic thiefs,or composite liquid
36、 waste samplers (COLIWASAs) may havesome residual static electrical charge due to the materials inwhich they are packed and shipped. The work plan shouldspecify whether grounding is required. See the AccidentPrevention Manual for Industrial Operations for informationon grounding and bonding.7.2.7.2
37、Drums should be opened, sampled, and closedindividually to minimize the risk of volatilization and expo-sure.7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with BungsWhen using a manualbung wrench, cover it with a wipe or cloth to control potentialliquid spray. Use non-sparking tools.7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable LidsLoos
38、en the ringslowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Usenon-sparking tools.7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever Lock Ring)Release the lever slowly.7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)Pry the lidloose slowly with a pail lid opener.7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or deheading
39、 will berequired if the drum has a stuck bung or the lid cannot beremoved. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous WasteSites for further information on manual or remote drumopening.7.2.9 If required, insert a measuring rod (graduated in litresor gallons) into the drum to measure the liquid volume
40、anddetermine the presence of solids at the bottom and estimatetheir percentage. (If minimal disturbance of the contents isrequired, the measuring rod can be inserted in the vent bunghole when working with a bung-top-drum.) The rod can begraduated in litres or gallons for a specific size drum, or it
41、canbe graduated in linear units (inches, centimetres, and so forth),with the liquid depth converted to volume using an appropriatevolume conversion. The measuring rod should be nonreactiveto the waste being contacted.NOTE 1Before inserting the measuring rod into the drum, touch therim gently with th
42、e rod (bonding) opposite from the bung to equalize anystatic charge that the drum may exhibit. The work plan should specifywhether bonding is required.7.2.9.1 For many liquids, the sampling equipment can serveas a substitute measuring device. This can be accomplished bymeasuring the length of the li
43、quid column as it is being heldover the drum and applying an appropriate volume conversion(for example, 1 in. (2.54 cm) equals 1.7 gal (6.43 L) in a 55-gal(208-L) drum).NOTE 2The sampling equipment or measuring rod should be at ornear the temperature of the drummed liquid to minimize any reactioncau
44、sed by temperature differences.7.3 Sampling Equipment, SelectionTable 1 summarizesselection criteria for equipment by the material to be sampled.7.4 Sampling Equipment, Materials of ConstructionEachof the sampling devices listed should be constructed frommaterials that are inert to any materials tha
45、t may be encoun-tered at a specific site. These devices are usually made of glass,stainless steel, aluminum, brass, or plastic. Devices withpermanent coatings or liners of an inert nonreactive material,such as PTFE, may be substituted, if approved by the workplan.7.5 Generic Equipment List:7.5.1 A l
46、ist of equipment generally required for samplingliquids follows:7.5.1.1 Sample containers, lids, and liners;7.5.1.2 Sample labels;7.5.1.3 COLIWASAs, drum thiefs, sludge samplers, orequivalent devices;7.5.1.4 Measuring rods;7.5.1.5 Chain of custody forms;7.5.1.6 Field log books;7.5.1.7 Sample cooler;
47、7.5.1.8 Wipes or cloths, or both;7.5.1.9 Ice or gel ice;7.5.1.10 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emerycloth; and7.5.1.11 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gasindicator, organic vapor detectors, radiation survey meter, etc.).7.5.2 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-sparki
48、ng (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not belimited to, the following:7.5.2.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),7.5.2.2 Flathead screwdriver,7.5.2.3 Breaker bar (12 in. (13 mm),7.5.2.4 Ratchet (12 in. (13 mm),7.5.2.5 Speed handle (12 in. (13 mm),7.5.2.6 Adjustable wrenches (10 and
49、12 in. (25 and 30 cm),7.5.2.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and7.5.2.8 Pail lid opener.8. Sample Collection8.1 Basic Sampling Practice:8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specifiedin the work plan.TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for EquipmentEquipmentASTMStandardOneLiquidLayerTwo orMore LiquidLayersLiquid andSolid(Sludge)LayersDrum thief XAXXCOLIWASA D5495 XXNBSyringe-type sampler N N XCoring-type sludge sampler CXPlunger-Type Sampler X X NAX = equipment may usually be used in or with this type of waste.BN = not the equipment of choice, but it
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