1、Designation: D 5745 95 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Guide forDeveloping and Implementing Short-Term Measures or EarlyActions for Site Remediation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance forassisting in the development, sel
3、ection, design, and implemen-tation of partial, short-term, or early action remedies under-taken at sites of waste contamination for the purpose ofmanaging, controlling, or reducing risk posed by environmen-tal site contamination. Early action remedies and strategies areapplicable to the management
4、of other regulatory processes(for example, state UST programs are equally applicable) inaddition to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Com-pensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)/NCP process. thisguide identifies and describes a standard process, technicalrequirements, information needs, benefit
5、s, and strategy forearly actions.1.2 This guide is applicable to both nonhazardous andhazardous sites of contamination as defined by CERCLA asamended by the Superfund Amendments and ReauthorizationAct of 1986 (SARA) and the Resource Conservation andRecoveryAct (RCRA) as amended by the Hazardous and
6、SolidWaste Amendments (HSWA) of 1986.1.3 To the extent that this guide may be used for hazardousmaterials actions operations, it does not address the applica-bility of regulatory limitations and local requirements.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
7、iated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1528 Practice for Environmental Site Assessment: Trans-a
8、ction Screen Process2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:3Corrective Action or Solid Waste Management Units atHazardous Waste Management Facilities, Proposed Rule,27 July 1990, 40 CFR Parts 264, 265, 270, and 271 (55 FR30797)Corrective Action Management Units and Temporary Units;Corrective Action Provisi
9、ons; Final Rule, 16 February1993, 58 FR 8658National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contin-gency Plan, Final Rule, 8 March 1990, 40 CFR Part 3002.3 EPA Documents3CERCLA, Compliance with Other Laws Manual, Part I(Interim Final), August 1988, EPA/9234.1-01CERCLA, Compliance with Other Laws Man
10、ual, Part II:Clean Air Act and Other Environmental Statutes and StateRequirements, August 1989, EPA/9234.1-02Guidance for Performing Preliminary Assessments underCERCLA, September 1991, EPA/9345.0-01AGuidance for Performing Site Inspections under CERCLA,September 1992, EPA/9345.1-05Data Quality Obje
11、ctives for Remedial Response Activities:Development Process, EPA/540/G-87/003Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Fea-sibility Studies (RI/FS) under CERCLA, October 1988,EPA/9355.3-01RCRA Corrective Action Interim Measures Guidance, In-terim Final, June 1988, EPA/9902.43. Terminology3
12、.1 Definitions:3.1.1 applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements(ARAR)those requirements, cleanup standards, standards ofcontrol, and other substantive environmental protection re-quirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated under federalor state law that show either a direct corresponde
13、nce or addressproblems or situations sufficiently similar at a site to show thatthey are well suited for application.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.05 on SiteRemediation.Current edition approved Apri
14、l 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous approved in 1999 as D 5745-95(1999)2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
15、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 conceptual site model, na mental o
16、r physical repre-sentation of the physical system and the iterative characteriza-tion of the physical and chemical processes and conditions thataffect the transport of contaminants from sources throughenvironmental media to receptors or potential receptors.3.1.3 contaminant, nany substance potential
17、ly hazardousto human health or the environment and present in theenvironment above background concentration.3.1.4 early action, nany remedial plan initiated in ad-vance of a complete or final characterization of a contaminatedsite.3.1.5 final remedy, nsite restoration.3.1.6 interim remedial measure,
18、 na remedial action thatimplements a partial solution prior to the selection of a finalcomplete remedy. Interim remedial measures may be earlyactions, but they are often not.3.1.7 migration, nthe movement of contaminant(s) awayfrom a source through permeable subsurface media (such as themovement of
19、a groundwater plume of contamination) or themovement of contaminant(s) by a combination of surficial andsubsurface processes.3.1.8 partial remedy, nan interim or incomplete solutionintended to be consistent with the expected permanent remedyfor treatment, control, elimination, or management of riska
20、ssociated with the release of a contaminant to the environ-ment.3.1.9 potential migration pathway, nthe route that may betaken by contaminants in the environment as they move or aretransported from the source(s), usually in a downgradientdirection.3.1.10 preliminary assessment (PA), na review of exi
21、stinginformation and an off-site reconnaissance, if appropriate, todetermine whether a release may require additional investiga-tion or action.Apreliminary assessment may include an on-sitereconnaissance, if appropriate. See ASTM Guidance for Trans-action Screen Questionnaire (Practice E 1528).3.1.1
22、1 receptor, nhumans or other species potentially atrisk from exposure to contaminant(s) at the point(s) of expo-sure.3.1.12 release, nany spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting,emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping,and disposing into the environment (including the abandon-ment
23、or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closedreceptacles) of any hazardous chemical, extremely hazardoussubstance, or CERCLA hazardous substance.3.1.13 removal, nthe cleanup or removal of releasedhazardous substances from the environment; such actions asmay be necessary to take in the event
24、 of the threat of release ofhazardous substances into the environment; such actions asmay be necessary to monitor, assess, and evaluate the releaseor threat of release of hazardous substances; the disposal ofremoved material; or the taking of such other actions as may benecessary to prevent, minimiz
25、e, or mitigate damage to thepublic health or welfare or to the environment, which mayotherwise result from a release or threat of release.3.1.14 short-term measure, nan early action designed tohave an authorized duration of less than one year for theeffective control or management of a contaminant r
26、eleased tothe environment.3.1.15 size characterization, nthe process by which infor-mation relating to the nature, extent, potential migrationpathways, and receptors of environmental contaminants isgathered, interpreted, and documented. Site characterizationefforts to provide a basis for the followi
27、ng: (1) the developmentof a conceptual site model (CSM), (2) the selection and designof a site remediation plan, or (3) the measuring point againstwhich the effectiveness of a remedy can be evaluated, or somecombination thereof.3.1.16 site inspection (SI), nan on-site investigation todetermine wheth
28、er a release or potential release exists and thenature of the associated threats. The purpose is to augment thedata collected in the preliminary assessment and to generate, ifnecessary, sampling and other field data to determine whetherfurther action or investigation is appropriate.3.1.17 site remed
29、iation, nthose actions taken in the eventof a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance in tothe environment, to prevent or minimize the impact of therelease, or to mitigate a substantial hazard to present or futureenvironmental conditions. This early action may or may notlead to ultima
30、te restoration of the site.3.1.18 source, nthe location at which contamination hasentered the natural environment.3.2 Description of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 significantly above background, adjthe mean con-centration of a site contaminant can be shown (by statisticalanalysis of other me
31、thods) to be greater than nearby back-ground samples from the same pathway.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The basic activities associated with implementing anearly action are as follows: (1) construction of a CSM andestimation of risk(s); (2) identification of exposure controlpathways amenable to engineered
32、 control; (3) development ofinterim or partial solutions, estimation of engineered risk, andidentification and negotiation of required action levels; (4)selection of the desired solution(s); (5) attainment of legalauthority for implementation of the planned solution(s); (6)design and execution of th
33、e selected solution(s); and (7)post-implementation monitoring of the conceptual site model.4.2 Five common objectives for an early action are toachieve the following: (1) minimize the human or environmen-tal risk exposure, or both; (2) minimize the time required toimplement a final remedy; (3) prote
34、ct resources (for example,financial, mineral, and ecological); (4) minimize the complex-ity of a final remedy; or (5) provide a solution-oriented projectfocus, or combination thereof.4.3 There are three basic types of partial, short-term or earlyaction remedies: (1) source control remedies, (2) path
35、waycontrol remedies, and (3) receptor control remedies. It is morecommon for early actions to be of the source or receptorcontrol type since pathway controls usually require a sophis-ticated understanding of the dynamics of a conceptual sitemodel.D 5745 95 (2005)24.4 The development of a final remed
36、y is often an iterativeprocess that evolves frequently with the compilation of newdata in the CSM. The development and implementation ofearly actions that support the final remediation objectives of aproject provides maximum benefit when performed aspromptly as practical.4.5 Early actions, short-ter
37、m remedies, or interim remedialmeasures are effective risk management tools when designedand executed properly. Some common benefits derived fromearly actions are as follows: (1) human, ecological, andfinancial resources are protected; (2) the actual time required toremediate an unacceptable environ
38、mental condition is mini-mized or reduced; (3) the geometric magnitude or scale of anunacceptable environmental condition is reduced; (4) thecomplexity and scope of a final remedial solution is reduced;and (5) environmental projects become “solution” oriented.4.6 A successful strategy for the applic
39、ation of early actionshas been developed. The strategy consists of phases or stepsthat are as follows:4.6.1 Development of a list of potential proactive earlyaction remedies.4.6.2 Identification of candidate sites for early action.4.6.3 Identification of site-specific and easily definableCSM compone
40、nts(s).4.6.3.1 Establishing and prioritizing early action objectivesfor each CSM component.4.6.3.2 Identifying early action alternatives to address eachobjective and identifying anticipated or expected results andtheir impact on final regulations and remedy.4.6.3.3 Seeking regulatory and public comm
41、ent, as appro-priate.4.6.4 Establishment of funding availability for early actions.4.6.5 Prioritization of early action solutions consistent withthe objectives, public response, expected results, and fundingavailability.4.6.6 Selection and integration of early action solutions.4.6.6.1 Selecting crit
42、eria for management and measurementof the results and progress of early action.4.6.6.2 Establishing documentation and recording proce-dures and requirements for early action implementation andeffective final remedy implementation.4.6.6.3 Analyzing the validation approach prior to theimplementation o
43、f early action.4.6.7 Preparation and finalization of the early action reme-dial plan.4.6.8 Implementation and documentation of early actionactivities.4.6.8.1 Validating early action results in comparison to theearly action plan and the final remedial action frequently andperiodically.4.6.8.2 Reviewi
44、ng the documentation of all early actionactivities frequently and periodically.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to provide a systematic approachfor the application and execution of early actions for purposesof remediating sites of both hazardous and non-hazardouscontamination. Funda
45、mental to the use of this guide is theiterative development of a CSM.5.2 Anticipated users of this guide are owners or operatorsat sites of environmental contamination; technical profession-als involved in the field of environmental site characterizationand remediation; environmental regulators, pro
46、perty owners,employees, and residents adjacent to sites of environmentalcontamination; and lenders, sureties, and persons of generalinterest within an affected community.5.3 This guide is not intended to replace legal requirementsfor remediating sites of environmental contamination. Thisguide should
47、 be used to supplement existing regulatory guid-ance and to focus remedial efforts toward final remedy solu-tions.6. Procedure6.1 Assembling Required InformationAssemble all avail-able information, including the following: historical records,interviews, previous studies, environmental analytical dat
48、a,permits, regulatory guidance and requirements, maps, geologiccross sections, engineering infrastructure as-built plans, anddrawings. At least one site visit by technical personnel taskedwith the responsibility of designing and implementing an earlyaction is required prior to the development of a r
49、emedial plan.6.2 Development of the Conceptual Site ModelAn initialconcept of the site(s) conceptual site model should be devel-oped using all assembled information. The quality and accu-racy of all information should be assessed both quantitativelyand qualitatively, and the use of the information should befocused on the following:6.2.1 Identification of ContaminantsIdentify the environ-mental contaminants for all pathways of a conceptual sitemodel. Particular emphasis should be placed on identifying thecontaminants for any suspected exposure pathways of concern.6
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