1、Designation: D 5747 08Standard Practice forTests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance ofGeomembranes to Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing ofgeomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes,prepared che
3、mical solutions, and leachates derived from solidwastes.1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforcedgeomembranes.1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction withPractice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both. The scope of th
4、ispractice is limited to testing and reporting procedures forunexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond thescope of this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is t
5、heresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 717 Terminology of Build
6、ing Seals and SealantsD 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 413 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toFlexible SubstrateD 624 Test Method for Tear Strength of ConventionalVulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD 638 Test Method for Tensile Propert
7、ies of PlasticsD 751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) ofPlastic Film and SheetingD 1505 Test Method for Density of Pl
8、astics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD 3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystal-lization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC)3D 3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-thalpies of Fusion and Crystalli
9、zation of Polymers byDifferential Scanning CalorimetryD 3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-olefins by Differential Scanning CalorimetryD 4437 Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) forDetermining the Integrity of Seams Used in JoiningFlexible Polymeric Sheet GeomembranesD 4439
10、 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of FactorySeams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible SheetGeomembranesD 4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance ofGeomembranes and Related ProductsD 5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof Geosynthetic
11、sD 5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures forEvaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquidsD 5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulusfor Polyethylene GeomembranesD 5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notc
12、hed Con-stant Tensile Load TestD 5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-theticsE 793 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalli-zation by Differential Scanning CalorimetryE 794 Test Method for Melting And Crystallization Tem-peratures By Thermal Analysis1This practice is unde
13、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on EnduranceProperties.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5747 95a(2002).2For referenced
14、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
15、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.F 1251 Terminology Relating to Polymeric Biomaterials inMedical and Surgical Devices2.2 Government Standard:EPA/600/2-88/052, Lining of Waste Containment and OtherImpoundment Facilities42.3 NSF Standard:NSF Standard 54, Flexible Membrane Liners52.4 F
16、TMS Standard:FTMS 101C, Method 2031 Test Method for Preservation,Packaging, and Package Materials: Test Procedures63. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 For definitions of general terms used in this standard,refer to Terminologies D 883 and D 4439.3.1.2 chemical resi
17、stance, nfor geosynthetics, the extentto which a material or product retains its as-manufacturedphysical and chemical characteristics when subjected to im-mersion or contact with a foreign substance.3.1.3 coupon, na portion of a material or laboratorysample from which multiple specimens can be taken
18、 fortesting.NOTE 1See Fig. 1 for the relationship between sample, coupon, andspecimen.3.1.3.1 DiscussionSee Fig. 1 for the relationship betweensample, coupon, and specimen.3.1.4 elastomer, na macromolecular material that returnsrapidly to approximately the initial dimensions and shape aftersubstanti
19、al deformation by a weak stress and release of thestress. (C 717, C-24)3.1.5 elastomeric, adjhaving the characteristics of anelastomer. (D 907, C-24)3.1.6 fabric-reinforced, adjstructurally reinforced mate-rial made by incorporating geotextile.3.1.7 flood coating, nthe process of placing a layer(s)
20、ofadhesive or polymer on the edges of cut, fabric-reinforcedgeomembranes in order to prevent exposure of the fabric to anenvironment.3.1.8 plasticized, adjhaving had a plasticizer added.3.1.9 plasticizer, na substance incorporated into a mate-rial to increase its workability, flexibility, or distens
21、ibility.(D 883, D-20)3.1.10 semi-crystalline, na solid that contains a mixtureof both crystalline and amorphous regions.3.1.11 tensile set, nrepresents residual deformation whichis partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching andretraction.3.1.12 thermoplastic, na plastic that repeatedly
22、 can besoftened by heating and hardened by cooling through atemperature range characteristic of the plastic, and that in thesoftened state can be shaped by flow into articles by moldingor extrusion. (F 1251, F-4)4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice defines test methods and procedures forevaluatin
23、g the resistance of geomembranes to liquid exposureby monitoring physical and chemical properties of geomem-brane coupons immersed in a test liquid. The physical condi-tion of the geomembrane is monitored as a function ofcumulative exposure time by means of dimensional measure-ments, and physical an
24、d chemical property tests.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standardprocedures for test programs investigating the chemical resis-tance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, orchemical. This practice should be used in the absence of otherspecificatio
25、ns required for the particular situation being ad-dressed.5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not aquantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis ofstandardization for those wishing to compare or investigate thechemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be rec
26、ognizedthat chemical resistance is a user judgement evaluation and thatthis practice does not offer procedures for interpreting theresults obtained from test procedures contained in this practice.As a practice, this does not produce a test result.NOTE 2This practice is for the chemical resistance as
27、sessment ofgeomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices forgeotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners.Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic underinvestigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the pote
28、n-tially harsh chemical environment under consideration.6. Apparatus6.1 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to an accuracyof 0.001 g.6.2 Dead Weight Micrometer(s), meeting the requirementsof Test Methods D 638, D 751, or D 5199, or combination4National Technical Information Service, PB-89-129670
29、.5Copies can be obtained from National Sanitation Foundation International,3475 Plymouth Road, PO Box 1468, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.6Copies can be obtained from Global Engineering Documents, 2805 McDermitAve., Irvine, CA 92714.FIG. 1 Chemical Resistance of GeomembranesD5747082thereof, capable of measuri
30、ng thicknesses to an accuracy of0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.).6.3 Air Circulating Oven, capable of maintaining a tempera-ture of 105 6 2C.6.4 All other required equipment is specified in the refer-enced test method standards. Refer to the appropriate standardsfor a description of the apparatus necessary to
31、 perform thosetests.7. HazardsNOTE 3Warning: The solutions used in this practice may containhazardous chemicals. Appropriate precautions must be taken when han-dling hazardous waste, chemicals, and the immersion solutions. Protectiveequipment suitable for the chemicals being used must be worn by all
32、personnel handling or exposed to the chemicals. Particular care should betaken when opening storage vessels at elevated temperatures due to theincreased volatility of organics and the increased activity of acids andbases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spilling of hazardousmaterials and prov
33、isions must be made to clean up any accidental spillswhich do occur.8. Sampling8.1 Determine the number and dimensions of the testspecimens according to the requirements of the dimensionalmeasurements and physical/chemical property tests to beperformed, the duration of the immersion, and the number
34、oftest intervals.8.2 Sample in accordance with the respective test methodsselected.8.3 Cut the geomembrane coupons so that they are repre-sentative of the geomembrane being evaluated. Discard cou-pons that contain scratches or other imperfections that mightaffect the test results.NOTE 4Since rate of
35、 leachate absorption is a function of thicknessand can have an impact on the test results, the geomembrane couponsshould be as close in thickness as possible.8.4 Mix the selected coupons in a random fashion and thenre-select coupons for the immersion and baseline testing.8.5 Cut individual test spec
36、imens for thickness, weight, andvolatile loss measurements. Specimens may be of any size forwhich accurate and repeatable measurements can be made. Cutspecimens from sheet stock using a die to ensure consistency ofdimensions.NOTE 5Circular specimens 7.98 cm2(3.14 in.2) have been found to besatisfact
37、ory for thickness, weight, and volatile loss measurements. Thesame individual specimen may be used for thickness, weight, and volatileloss measurements if desired.9. Conditioning9.1 ConditioningCondition samples at 21 6 2C (70 64F) and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 % for not lessthan 40 h pr
38、ior to weighing or baseline testing and immersion,or combination thereof.10. Procedure10.1 Immerse the geomembrane in the test solution asspecified in Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both.10.2 Immerse a sufficient number of coupons to perform therequired testing for each of the immersion peri
39、ods.10.3 Immerse additional pieces of geomembrane for weightchanges, thickness changes, and volatile loss for each immer-sion period. Record the weight of the specimens to an accuracyof at least 0.1 % of the specimens weight. Record thethickness of the specimens to an accuracy of 0.0025 mm(0.0001 in
40、.).10.4 Remove a sufficient number of coupons at the pre-scribed test period for the required testing. Rinse each couponwith deionized water and blot dry with water-absorbent,lint-free paper towels to remove any visible liquid or solidresidue on the coupon surface. Allow elevated temperaturecoupons
41、to cool to room temperature in a sample of immersionfluid. Store coupons in an airtight container or bag with as littleair as possible when not being used or tested in order tominimize moisture or volatile loss, or both. Keep cut speci-mens in an airtight container between tests.10.5 The tests to be
42、 performed on the geomembrane arelisted in Sections 11 through 20 for each of the four types ofgeomembranes addressed by this practice. The tests consist ofrequired testing to be done on the geomembrane and recom-mended testing to be performed at the discretion of the user.Conduct recommended tests
43、whenever possible as this datawill aid in the interpretation of the final test results.All the testsshould be completed on the unexposed geomembrane as wellas on the exposed material after each test period. Test twice asmany specimens as listed below on the unexposed material inorder to increase pre
44、cision of baseline data.10.6 Testing (except the extractables test) of the materialexposed to the leachate must be done within 24 h of removalfrom the test solution.11. Required Testing, All Geomembranes11.1 Weight ChangeAfter each period, remove three pre-weighed pieces of geomembrane from the liqu
45、id, quickly blotdry with water-absorbent, lint-free paper towels any visibleliquid or solid residue on the specimen surface, and weigh tothe nearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent weight change to thenearest 0.1 %.NOTE 6Extra care should be taken to completely dry texturedsurfaces to avoid an appare
46、nt increase in weight caused by residual surfacemoisture.11.2 Dimension ChangesMeasure thickness as directed inTest Methods D 751, D 638, or D 5199 to the nearest 0.0025mm (0.0001 in.) at three locations near the center of the piecesof geomembrane used for weight changes before and afterimmersion. M
47、easure length and width (machine and transversedirections) at two locations on the sheets of geomembrane usedfor the physical testing before and after immersion. Calculatepercent changes to the nearest 0.1 %.11.3 Volatile LossDry the pieces of geomembrane fromthe weight changes at 105 6 2C for 24 h
48、and then weigh to thenearest 0.001 g. Calculate the percent volatiles to the nearest0.1 %.11.4 Visual ObservationsDescribe the samples before andafter immersion. Visual appearance can help in the interpreta-tion of the data and may explain anomalous test results.Appearance items to be considered may
49、 include change fromoriginal color, including any mottling; change in surface gloss;D5747083change in surface roughness; curling, swelling, or other changeat the edges of the specimen; scratch, scoring, fracture initia-tion, or splitting of specimen into separate parts; and grossspecimen changes such as wrinkling, ovalization, or noticeablecurling.12. Required Testing, Group 1, Geomembranes(NonReinforced)12.1 Group 1 geomembranes include, but are not necessar-ily limited to: polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, verylow-density polyethylene, and li
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