1、Designation: D5798 11Standard Specification forEthanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the
3、 requirements for automo-tive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in groundvehicles equipped with flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines.Fuel produced to this specification contains 51 to 83 volume %ethanol. This fuel is for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and issometimes referred to at retail a
4、s “Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appen-dix X1 discusses the significance of the properties specified.1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied forseasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lowertemperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operabil-ity. Ethanol content and
5、 selection of hydrocarbon blendstockare adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressurerequirements. Hydrocarbon blendstocks for meeting ethanolfuel blends performance requirements are unleaded gasoline,gasoline blendstocks for oxygenate blending (BOBs), naturalgasoline or other hydrocarbons in
6、 the gasoline boiling range.1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also knowncommercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” hasbeen changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish thisproduct from denatured fuel ethanol Specifica
7、tion D4806.Tofacilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonalvapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanolcontent has been established.1.4 The United States government has established variousprograms for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions ofalternative fuel used by th
8、ese programs may be more restrictivethan the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 foradditional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 The followin
9、g safety hazard caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standarddoes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
10、and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Products by Copper Strip TestD381 Test Method for
11、 Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline(Induction Period Method)D1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsD1688 Test Methods for Copper in WaterD4057 Practice
12、for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4806 Spe
13、cification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure
14、 of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Automatic Method)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is under the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2
15、011. Originally approvedin 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D579810a. DOI: 10.1520/D5798-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand
16、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)
17、D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Contentof Denatured Fuel Ethanol by Gas ChromatographyD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handli
18、ng of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD6423 Test Method for Determination of pHe of Ethanol,Denatured Fuel Ethanol, and Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)D7319 Test Method for Determination of Total and Poten-tial Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol byDirect Injection Suppressed Io
19、n ChromatographyD7328 Test Method for Determination of Total and Poten-tial Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride in FuelEthanol by Ion Chromatography Using Aqueous SampleInjectionE203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitrationE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids
20、 by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 Government Standards:3United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 802.3 SAE Papers:4SAE 2007014006 A Model for Estimating Vapor Pres-sures of Commingled Ethanol Fuels3. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Def
21、initions:3.2.1 denaturants, nmaterials added to ethanol to make itunsuitable for beverage use under a formula approved by aregulatory agency to prevent the imposition of beveragealcohol tax.3.2.1.1 DiscussionDenaturants are only those materialsadded by the denaturer to comply with the approved formu
22、la;any materials absorbed later are not denaturants. D48063.2.2 denatured fuel ethanolfuel ethanol made unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants under formula(s)approved by the applicable regulatory agency to prevent theimposition of beverage alcohol tax. D48063.2.3 ethanol, nethyl alcoh
23、ol, the chemical compoundC2H5OH. D48063.2.4 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquid hydrocar-bons, generally containing small amounts of additives, suitablefor use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal combustion engines.D48143.2.5 methanol, nmethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundCH3OH.3.3 Definition
24、s of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 flexible-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operateon either unleaded gasoline or ethanol fuel blends or mixturesof both.3.3.1.1 DiscussionIn the United States, these vehicleshave U.S. EPA emissions certifications using gasoline comply-ing with U.S. EPA r
25、equirements and ethanol fuel blends thatmeet the requirements of Specification D5798.3.3.2 hydrocarbon, na compound composed solely ofhydrogen and carbon.3.3.2.1 DiscussionThe hydrocarbons used in ethanol fuelblends will be unleaded gasoline, gasoline blendstock foroxygenate blending (BOB), natural
26、gasoline or other hydrocar-bons in the gasoline boiling range. The hydrocarbon blendcomponents will also contain trace quantities of other ele-ments.3.3.3 pHea measure of the acid strength of alcohol fuels.4. Ordering Information4.1 The purchasing agency shall:4.1.1 Indicate the season and locality
27、in which the fuel is tobe used,4.1.2 If requested, ensure that the ethanol concentrationmeets the requirements for an alternative fuel for federal fleets.4.1.2.1 The composition of alternative fuels in the UnitedStates is regulated by various government agencies and regu-lations including the U.S. D
28、epartment of Energy (DOE) andU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard tofuel properties including volatility, this specification can bemore or less restrictive than DOE or EPArules, regulations andwaivers. To qualify as an alternative fuel for federal fleet use inthe United States, th
29、e ethanol blend is required to meet the U.S.Department of Energys definition of alternative fuels, enactedunder the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Title III, Sec. 301). Forethanol, the Act defines “alternative fuel” as a mixture con-taining denatured ethanol at a volume of “85 percent or more(or such ot
30、her percentage, but not less than 70 percent, asdetermined by the Secretary, by rule.).” Correcting for dena-turant content, a blend of 70 to 85 volume % denatured fuelethanol contains 68 to 83 volume % ethanol as measured byTest Method D5501. The U.S. government has other programsand definitions fo
31、r alternative fuels. Users of this specificationare advised to check with the applicable regulatory agency forspecific alternative fuel requirements.5. Ethanol Fuel Blends Performance Requirements5.1 Ethanol fuel blends shall conform to the requirements ofTable 1. Ethanol content requirements for et
32、hanol alternativefuel blends can be found in 4.1.2.1.NOTE 1Most of the requirements cited are based on the best technicalinformation currently available. Requirements for sulfur, phosphorus, andlead are based on the use of gasoline defined in Specification D4814 andthe understanding that control of
33、these elements will affect catalystlifetime.5.1.1 Vapor pressure is varied for seasonal and climaticchanges by providing four vapor pressure classes for ethanolfuel blends.The seasonal and geographical distribution for fourvapor pressure classes is shown in Table 2. Class 1 encom-passes geographical
34、 areas with 6-h tenth percentile minimumambient temperature of greater than 5C (41F). Class 23A printed copy of the Code of Federal Regulations may be purchased from theU.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. CapitolStreet, N.W., Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401 or t
35、he online store athttp:/bookstore.gpo.gov/. The Code of Federal Regulations may be browsed onlineat http:/www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.4Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.D5798 112encompasses geographical areas with 6-h tenth
36、 percentileminimum ambient temperature of greater than 5C (23F) butless than +5C (41F). Class 3 encompasses geographical areaswith 6-h tenth percentile minimum ambient temperaturegreater than 13C (9F) but less than or equal to 5C (23F).Class 4 encompasses geographical areas with 6-h tenth percen-til
37、e minimum ambient temperature less than or equal to 13C(9F).5.1.2 The hydrocarbons blended with the denatured fuelethanol shall have a maximum boiling point of 225C (437F)by Test Method D86, oxidation stability of 240-min minimumby Test Method D525, and No. 1 maximum copper stripcorrosion by Test Me
38、thod D130, and No. 1 maximum silverstrip corrosion by the test method listed in Annex A1 inSpecification D4814.5.1.3 The denaturant for the denatured fuel ethanol used inmaking ethanol fuel blends shall meet the requirements ofSection 5 in Specification D4806.5.1.4 Ethanol fuel blends of any volatil
39、ity class shall meetthe same limits for lead and phosphorus as required by U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations for un-leaded gasoline.5.1.4.1 The intentional addition of lead or phosphoruscompounds to ethanol fuel blends is not permitted. EPAregulations limit their maximum concentr
40、ations in unleadedgasoline to 0.05 g lead/US gal (0.013 g/L) and 0.005 gphosphorus/US gal (0.0013 g/L), respectively. Details of theEPA regulations and test methods are available in the UnitedStates Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 80.6. Workmanship6.1 Ethanol fuel blends shall be visuall
41、y free of sedimentand suspended matter. They shall be clear and bright at theambient temperature or 21C (70F), whichever is higher.6.2 The specification defines only a basic purity for ethanolfuel blends. The product shall be free of any adulterant orcontaminant that can render the material unaccept
42、able for itscommonly used applications.6.2.1 Manufacturers and blenders of ethanol fuel blendsshall avoid ethanol (for example, improperly recycled ethanol),or denaturants and hydrocarbon blend components contami-nated by silicon-containing materials, or both. Silicon contami-nation of gasoline, den
43、atured ethanol, and their blends has ledto fouled vehicle components (for example, spark plugs,exhaust oxygen sensors, catalytic converters) requiring partsreplacement and repairs. There is no ASTM approved testmethod for determining silicon compounds in gasoline,gasoline-oxygenate blends, denaturan
44、ts, hydrocarbon blendcomponents, or denatured fuel ethanol, although some labora-tories are possibly using non-ASTM test methods.7. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling7.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling to better understand the importanceand
45、effects of sampling technique, proper containers, andspecial handling required for each test method.7.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtain asample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Useappropriate procedures in Practice D4057 for manual methodsampling and in Practice D4
46、177 for automatic sampling, asapplicable.7.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate containerselection are important decisions that can impact test results.Refer to Practice D4306 for aviation fuel container selectionfor tests sensitive to trace contamination. Refer to PracticeD5854 for procedure
47、s on container selection and samplemixing and handling. Where practical, ethanol fuel blendsshould be sampled in glass containers. If samples must becollected in metal containers, do not use soldered metalcontainers. This is because the soldering flux in the containersand the lead in the solder can
48、contaminate the sample. Plasticcontainers should be avoided.7.4 A minimum sample size of about 1 L (1 US qt) isrecommended.TABLE 1 Requirements for Ethanol Fuel BlendsAProperties Class 1BClass 2 Class 3 Class 4 Test MethodsVapor pressure, kPa (psi) 3859(5.58.5)4865(7.09.5)5983(8.512.0)66103(9.515.0)
49、D4953,D5190,orD5191All ClassesCEthanol Content, volume % 5183 D5501Methanol Content, max, volume % 0.5 D5501Sulfur Content, max, mg/kg 80 D5453Acidity, (as acetic acid CH3COOH),mass % (mg/L), max0.005 (40) D1613Solvent-washed gum content,max, mg/100 mL5 D381pHe6.5to9.0 D6423Unwashed gum content, max,mg/100 mL20 D381Inorganic chloride content, max,mg/kg1 D7319 orD7328Copper content, max, mg/L 0.07 D1688Water content, max, mass % 1.0 E203 orE1064AFor information on alternative fuels, see 4.1.2.1.BSee 5.1.1 for volatility class criteria.CEt
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