1、Designation: D5819 05 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forSelecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation ofGeosynthetic Durability1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a system-atic determination of those factors of t
3、he appropriate applica-tion environment that may affect the post-construction servicelife of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recom-mended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durabil-ity of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that thedurability can be considered in
4、the design process.1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issuesassociated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, orinstallation environments.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes ofNonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film
5、 at ElevatedTemperatureD1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile orSoil/Geotextile FiltersD2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and FlexuralCreep and Creep-Rupture of PlasticsD3083 Specification for Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Plas-tic Sheeting for Pond, Canal, and Reservoir L
6、ining (With-drawn 1998)3D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-olefins by Differential Scanning CalorimetryD4355 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles byExposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a Xenon ArcType ApparatusD4594 Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stabilityof
7、 GeotextilesD4716 Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) FlowRate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of aGeosynthetic Using a Constant HeadD4886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles(Sand Paper/Sliding Block Method)D5101 Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compat-ibili
8、ty of Soil-Geotextile SystemsD5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined TensionCreep and Creep Rupture Behavior of GeosyntheticsD5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures forEvaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquidsD5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Res
9、is-tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-stant Tensile Load TestD5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-theticsD5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio(HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile SystemsD5885 Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Poly-olefin Geosynth
10、etics by High-Pressure Differential Scan-ning CalorimetryD5970 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles fromOutdoor Exposure3. Summary of Guide3.1 The effects of a given application environment on thedurability of a geosynthetic must be determined throughappropriate testing. Selection of appropr
11、iate tests requires asystematic determination of the primary function(s) to beperformed and the associated degradation processes that shouldbe considered. This guide provides a suitable systematicapproach.3.2 Primary functions of geosynthetics are listed and de-fined in Table 1. With knowledge of th
12、e specific geosyntheticapplication area and end use, the corresponding primaryfunction(s) is (are) identified. Table 2 gives degradation con-cerns as they relate to geosynthetic functions. Table 3 gives theenvironmental elements that relate to the various degradationprocesses and the currently avail
13、able ASTM Committee D-35test method for the experimental evaluation of specific types of1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthet-icsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2
14、016. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D5819 05(2012)DOI: 10.1520/D5819-05R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to th
15、e standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1geosynthetic degradation. The following appendixe
16、s are in-cluded to provide background information:X1. TerminologyX2. Application/End Use/Primary Function TablesX3. Example of Test Method Selection ProcedureX4. Design-by-Function DiscussionX5. Commentary on Geosynthetic DurabilityX6. Bibliography4. Significance and Use4.1 Designers/specifiers of g
17、eosynthetics should evaluategeosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosyntheticspecification/selection process. This guide is intended to guidea designer/specifier through a systematic determination ofdegradation concerns based on the intended geosyntheticfunction or performance characte
18、ristic. This guide then pro-vides a guide to select available test methods for experimen-tally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areaswhere no suitable test exists.4.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degrada-tion resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting ori
19、nstalling the geosynthetic.5. Suggested Procedure5.1 To utilize a structured procedure for selecting appropri-ate test methods, the geosynthetic designer/specifier must haveknowledge of:5.1.1 The intended geosynthetic application,5.1.2 The end use of the geosynthetic via its primaryfunction(s) or pe
20、rformance characteristic(s), or both,5.1.3 The specific environment to which the geosyntheticwill be exposed,5.1.4 The types of geosynthetics that may or will be used,and5.1.5 The duration or time of use (that is, service life).5.2 With this knowledge, the designer/specifier follows thefollowing pro
21、cedure:5.2.1 Identify the primary function(s) or performancecharacteristic(s), or both, to be performed by the geosyntheticin the specific application and end use intended. Functions andperformance characteristics are defined in Table 1. (Tables forguidance in identifying primary function(s) and per
22、formancecharacteristics are given in Appendix X2.)5.2.2 Using Table 2, identify the potential degradationprocess(es) that will almost always (denoted as “A”) orsometimes (denoted as “S”) be of concern when a geosyntheticperforms the primary function(s) or provides the performancecharacteristic(s), o
23、r both, which were identified in 5.2.1.AnnexA1 contains associated notes to Table 2 that help to identify theprocess(es) that is (are) sometimes a concern in the specificexpected application environment.5.2.3 Using Table 3, select the test method(s) that applies tothe potential degradation process(e
24、s) identified in 5.2.2 as aconcern(s) in the specific application environment expected.NOTE 1Guidance is given in Table 3 to identify the most importantelements or variables relating to each degradation process.6. Keywords6.1 aging; degradation; durability; environment; exposure;geosynthetic; long-t
25、erm performanceTABLE 1 FunctionsAand Other Performance CharacteristicsBContainmentB(C)A geosynthetic provides containment when it encapsulates or surrounds materials such as sand, rocks, and fresh concrete.CFiltrationA(F)A geosynthetic performs the filtration function when the equilibrium geotextile
26、-to-soil system allows for adequate liquid flow with limited soil lossacross the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.Fluid BarrierA(FB)A geosynthetic performs the fluid barrier function when it essentially eliminates the migration of fl
27、uids through it.Fluid TransmissionA(a.k.a. drainage)A geosynthetic performs the fluid transmission function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows foradequate flow with limited soil loss within the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under c
28、onsideration.InsulationB(I)A geosynthetic provides insulation when it reduces the passage of heat, electricity, or sound.ProtectionA(P)A geosynthetic, placed between two materials, performs the protection function when it alleviates or distributes stresses and strainstransmitted to the material to b
29、e protected.ReinforcementA(R)A geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function when it provides often synergistic improvement of a total systems strength createdby the introduction of a tensile force into a soil (good in compression but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material.Sc
30、reeningB(Scr)A geosynthetic, placed across the path of a flowing fluid (ground water, surface water, wind) carrying particles in suspension, providesscreening when it retains some or all soil fine particles while allowing the fluid to pass through. After some period of time, particles accumulate aga
31、inst thescreen which requires that the screen be able to withstand pressures generated by the accumulated particles and the increasing fluid pressure.SeparationA(S)A geosynthetic placed between dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or be impro
32、vedperforms the separation function.Surface StabilizationB(SS)A geosynthetic, placed on a soil surface, provides surface stabilization when it restricts movement and prevents dispersion ofsurface soil particles subjected to erosion actions (rain, wind), often while allowing or promoting vegetative g
33、rowth.Vegetative ReinforcementB(VR)A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends the erosion control limits and performance of vegetation.AFunctions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.
34、BOther performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techniques.Noteduring the placement of fresh concrete in a geotextile flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to e
35、scape.D5819 05 (2016)2TABLE 2 Geosynthetic Function/Durability AssessmentAFunctionPotential Degradation ProcessBExplanations ofPrimary Long-TermConcernsAbbrevi-ationBio-logicalDegra-dationChem-icalDegra-dationChem-icalDissol-utionClogging/PipingCreepEnviron-mentalStressCrackingHydrol-ysisMechan-ical
36、DamagePhoto-Degra-dationPlastici-zationStressRelax-ationTemper-atureInsta-bilityThermal-Degra-dationContainment C PC,DSESESFSGNSHSISJNSGNSKRemain intact andmaintain filtrationperformanceFiltration F PC,DSESEALSMNSHSISJNSMNSKMaintain designfiltration and resistdeformation andintrusionFluid Barrier FB
37、 SCSESENSGAN,OSHSISJNSGSPSKMaintain intendedlevel of essentialimpermeabilityFluid Transmission FT PC,DSESEAQARAOSHSISJNARNSKMaintain flow undercompressive loadsInsulation I PC,DSESEN N N N N N N N N N Minimize temperaturelosses and gainsacross geosynProtection P PC,DSESENSSNSHNSJNSSNSKMaintain prote
38、ctiveperformanceReinforcement R PC,DSESE,PTNAUPOSHPTSJPVSUSUSKProvide necessarystrength, stiffnessand soil interactionScreening Scr PC,DSESESWNNSHSISJNN N SKMaintain filtrationperformance andresist deformationSeparation S PC,DSESENNNSHPXSJNN N SKRemain intactSurfaceStabilizationSS PC,DSESE HAYAY KRe
39、main intact to resisterosive forces untilvegetation isestablishedVegetativeReinforcementVR PC,DSESENNNSHAYAYNN N SKRemain intactthroughoutvegetationARefer to Appendix X1 for terminology relating to Table 2.BM = Not a generally recognized concern; S = Sometimes a concern; A = Almost always a concern;
40、 P = Potential concern being researched.CMicroorganisms have been known to attack and digest additives (plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers) used to plasticize some base polymers. This attack will changephysical and mechanical properties. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers incorpor
41、ated into geosynthetic products. Embrittlement of geosynthetic surfacesmay influence interaction properties.DMicrobial enzymes have been known to initiate and propagate reactions deteriorative to some base polymers. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers usedin geosynthetic products.EChe
42、mical degradation or dissolution, or both, including the leaching of plasticizers or additives from the polymer structure, may be a concern for some geosyntheticsexposed to liquids containing unusually high concentrations of metals, salts, or chemicals, especially at elevated temperatures.FIf select
43、 fill is not available, then a clogging resistance test should be performed with the job-specific soil.GGeosynthetics in containment structures which require long term strength characteristics should be designed using appropriate creep and stress relaxation criteria.HHydrolysis may be a concern for
44、polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) geosynthetics exposed to extreme pH conditions, especially at elevated temperatures.IWhen subject to rocking (abrasion), puncture (floating or airborne debris), or cutting (equipment or vandalism).JWhen permanently exposed or in extended construction phases (24 wee
45、ks) and in “wrap-around” construction, photo degradation may be a concern for the exposedgeosynthetic.KGeosynthetics in applications such as dam facings and floating covers which results in exposure to temperatures at or above ambient must be stabilized to resist thermaloxidation.LClogging resistanc
46、e of geotextiles can only be assessed by testing with site-specific soil and (sometimes) liquid.MIf a filter geotextile is used with a geonet, it is important to assess short-term extrusion and long-term intrusion into the net.NResidual stresses and surface damage may produce synergistic effects wit
47、h other degradation processes.OPolyethylene geosynthetics may experience slow crack growth under long-term loading conditions in certain environmental conditions.PExcessive expansion and contraction resulting from temperature changes may be a concern for geosynthetics without fabric reinforcement.QC
48、omposite drains must resist clogging due to soil retention problems and intrusion of filter medium.RGeosynthetics relying on a 3-D structure to facilitate flow must demonstrate resistance to compression creep.SSufficient thickness must be maintained by a protective layer over an extended period of t
49、ime.TChemical dissolution of, or mechanical damage to geosynthetic surfaces or coatings may effect their interaction properties, i.e. lead to surface or joint slippage.UGeosynthetics creep and stress relax at different rates depending primarily on manufacturing process, polymer type, load levels, temperature, and application.VPlasticization may be a concern for polyester (PET) geosynthetics exposed to humid conditions or polypropylene and polyethylene geosynthetics exposed tohydrocarbons while under stress.WIf the screen is expected to operate indefinitely, then clogg
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