1、Designation: D5884/D5884M 04a (Reapproved 2015)1Standard Test Method forDetermining Tearing Strength of Internally ReinforcedGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5884/D5884M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEDesignation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editorially in June 2015
3、.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for deter-mining the tear strength of flexible geomembranes internallyreinforced with a textile, using the tongue tear method.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values sta
4、ted ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use
5、. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Produ
6、cts(RECPs) for TestingD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4533/D4533M Test Method for Trapezoid TearingStrength of Geotextiles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair main-tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and at
7、emperature of 21 6 2C 70 6 4F. D44393.1.2 geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geosyn-thetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. D44393.1.3 reinforced geomembranea geomembrane internallyreinforced with a textile.3.1.4 tearing strength, (F, (F), kN), nthe force requiredeither (1) to start o
8、r (2) to continue or propagate a tear in afabric under specified conditions. D4439, D4533/D4533M4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The tensile tear strength of a membrane in both machineand cross-machine directions is determined by measuring themaximum load when cut specimens of specific dimensions aretes
9、ted to failure, by tearing, at a fixed testing displacement rate.5. Significance and Use5.1 Since tear resistance may be affected to a large degreeby mechanical fibering of the membrane under stress, as wellas by stress distribution, strain rate, and size of specimen, theresults obtained in a tear r
10、esistance test can only be regarded asa measure of the resistance under the conditions of thatparticular test and not necessarily as having any direct relationto service value. This test method measures the force requiredto tear a reinforced geomembrane along a reasonably definedcourse such as that
11、the tear propagates across the width of thespecimen. The values may vary between types of reinforce-ment used within a geomembrane.5.2 The tongue tear method is useful for estimating therelative tear resistance of different reinforcing textiles ordifferent directions in the same reinforcing textiles
12、.5.3 DisputesIn case of a dispute arising from differencesin reported test results when using this test method foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine ifthere is a statistical difference between their laboratories.6.
13、Apparatus6.1 The machine shall consist of three main parts:6.1.1 Straining MechanismA machine wherein the speci-men is held between the two clamps and strained by a uniformmovement of the pulling clamp shall be used. Unless otherwisespecified in the material specification, the machine shall be1This
14、test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D588404a(2010).DOI: 10
15、.1520/D5884_D5884M-04AR15E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 10
16、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1adjusted so that the pulling clamp shall have a uniform speedof 50 6 2 mm/min 2 6 0.1 in./min.6.1.2 Clamps for Holding SpecimenThe clamps for hold-ing a reinforced flexible geomembrane specimen shall havemetallic gripp
17、ing surfaces sufficiently smooth, flat, and parallelas to prevent the test specimen from slipping or movingbetween the gripping surfaces when held under the pressurenormal to operation. The dimension of all gripping surfacesshall measure 25 by 50 mm 1 by 2 in. or more with the longdimension perpendi
18、cular to this direction of application of theload. All edges that might cause a cutting action shall berounded to a radius of not over 0.4 mm 164 in. The design ofthe clamp shall be such that one gripping surface shall be anintegral part of the rigid frame of the clamp while the othershall be on a p
19、art hinged or swiveled to the movable memberof the clamp. The pressure between the gripping surfaces,sufficient to clamp the specimen firmly before testing load isapplied and to prevent slippage during the progress of the test,shall be secured by any suitably constructed mechanical deviceoperating o
20、n the movable member of the clamp. The distancebetween the clamps at the start of the test shall be 75 mm3 in.6.1.3 Load and Elongation Recording Mechanism(s)Calibrated dial, scale, or chart to indicate applied load andelongation. Unless otherwise specified for load determination,the machine shall b
21、e adjusted or set so that the load required totear the specimen will remain indicated on the calibrated dial orscale after the test specimen has ruptured.6.2 CapacityMachine shall be of such capacity that themaximum load required to break the specimen shall not begreater than 85 % or less than 15 %
22、of the rated capacity.6.3 Testing Machine AccuracyThe error of the machineshall not exceed 2 % up to and including a 200-N 50-lbf forceand 1 % over 200 N and 1 % at any reading within its loadingrange.NOTE 1As a practical method of determining the degree of width andalignment (in parallel) of the as
23、sembled clamp mechanism, it is recom-mended that a sheet of this white paper, between two thin sheets of carbonpaper, be placed between the gripping surfaces, and the jaws then broughttogether with a light pressure.7. Test Specimen7.1 Obtain samples for specimen removal from thegeomembranes in accor
24、dance with Practice D4354.7.2 Each specimen shall be a square of 200 by 200-mm 8by 8-in. internally reinforced geomembrane (see Fig. 1). Twosets of five specimens each will be required, one set for themachine and one set for cross-machine directions shall betested. No two specimens for machine direc
25、tion tests shallcontain the same warp yarns or fibers, nor shall any twospecimens for the cross-machine tests contain the same fillingyarns or fibers. Using a precision template, a 75-mm 3-in. cutshall be made at the center of the specimen forming the tonguesor cut strips as shown in Fig. 1.8. Condi
26、tioning8.1 ConditioningCondition the test specimens at 21 62C 70 6 4F and 50 to 70 % relative humidity for not lessthan 40 h prior to test. In cases of disagreement, the tolerancesshall be 61C 61.8F and 62 % relative humidity.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in a standard laboratoryatmosphere in acc
27、ordance with Terminology D4439, that callsfor air maintained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 %and a temperature of 21 6 2C 70 6 4F.8.3 Moisture EquilibriumIt shall be considered that mois-ture equilibrium is reached when, after free exposure to air inNOTE 1Testing for the machine direction a
28、nd cross direction tears themachine direction and cross direction fibers, respectively. (The crossdirection test tears in the machine direction).FIG. 1 Tongue Tear SpecimenD5884/D5884M 04a (2015)12motion, there is no progressive increase in weight. Moistureequilibrium shall be approached from the dr
29、y side (notmoisture-free).9. Procedure9.1 Center the specimen in the machine with one tongue orcut strip centered in each clamp. Use a grip separation of75 mm 3 in. This puts the grip faces 38 mm 112 in. from theconverging end of the 75-mm 3-in. cut (see Fig. 2).9.2 Start the machine and observe by
30、means of an auto-graphic recording device the force necessary to tear thespecimen a distance of 75 to 100 mm 3 to 4 in.9.3 If a specimen breaks or tears in a direction other thanthat of the original cut, or if for any reason attributable to faultytechnique, an individual measurement falls 25 % below
31、 orabove the average test result for the sample unit, discard andtest another specimen.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 The tearing strength of the test specimen shall be thepeak load of resistance registered during the separation of thetear. The tearing strength of the sample unit shall be theaver
32、age of the results obtained from five specimens tested ineach of the machine and cross-machine directions.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 State that the specimens were tested in accordancewith this test method and list any variations from this testmethod,11.1.2 Date of test,11
33、.1.3 Printed name of individual performing the test,11.1.4 Test temperature and relative humidity,11.1.5 Identify the material tested, including date ofmanufacture, if known,11.1.6 Average of the maximum tearing strength of speci-mens tested in each of the machine and cross-machinedirections, report
34、ed, N lbf,11.1.7 Coefficient of variation of the observed tearingstrength of individual specimens, if required, and11.1.8 All observations and recorded data on which theresults are based.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionAn interlaboratory test program will beperformed to determine precision for t
35、his test method.12.2 BiasThis test method has no bias since the values ofthese properties can be defined only in terms of a test method.13. Keywords13.1 geomembrane; reinforced; tearing strength; textileFIG. 2 Location of ClampsD5884/D5884M 04a (2015)13ASTM International takes no position respecting
36、 the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standar
37、d is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International
38、 Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.Thi
39、s standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 04a (2015)14
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