1、Designation: D5887 09D5887/D5887M 16Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Index Flux Through Saturated GeosyntheticClay Liner Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5887;D5887/D5887M; the number immediately following the designation indicate
2、sthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers an index test that cov
3、ers laboratory measurement of flux through saturated geosynthetic clay liner(GCL) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter.1.2 This test method is applicable to GCL products having geotextile backing(s). It is not applicable to GCL products withgeomembrane backing(s), geofilm backing(s) or polyme
4、r coating backing(s).1.3 This test method provides a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturingquality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance. The flux value determined using this test method is notconsidered to be representati
5、ve of the in-service flux of GCLs.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, unless other units are specificallygiven.separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be usedindep
6、endently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety
7、 and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD443
8、9 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation OvensE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Det
9、ermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 flux, nthe rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area of a GCLspecimen.3.1.2 geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), na factory-manufactured geosynthetic hydraulic barrier consisting of
10、clay supported bygeotextiles, or geomembranes, or both, that are held together by needling, stitching, or chemical adhesives.3.1.3 index test, na test procedure that may contain a bias, but that may be used to establish an order for a set of specimenswith respect to the property of interest.3.1.4 Fo
11、r definitions of other terms used in this test method, see Terminology D653 and Terminology D4439.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic ClayLiners.Current edition approved June 1, 20
12、09Sept. 1, 2016. Published July 2009September 2016. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20082009 asD5887 08.D5887 09. DOI: 10.1520/D5887-09.10.1520/D5887_D5887M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at servi
13、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. B
14、ecauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 10
15、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method involves permeation of a 100-mm (4-in.)4-in. diameter GCL test specimen. The specimen is set up ina flexible-wall permeameter, subjected to a total stress of 550 kPa (80 ps
16、i) 550 kPa 80 psi and a backpressure of 515 kPa (75psi)75 psi for a period of 48 h. Flow is initiated using deionized water by raising the pressure on the influent side of the testspecimen to 530 kPa (77 psi). 77 psi. The flux is determined when inflow and outflow are approximately equal (within 625
17、 %).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method yields the flux of water through a saturated GCL specimen that is consolidated, hydrated, and permeatedunder a prescribed set of conditions.5.2 This test method can be performed to determine if the flux of a GCL specimen exceeds the maximum value state
18、d by themanufacturer.5.3 This test method can be used to determine the variation in flux within a sample of GCL by testing a number of differentspecimens.5.4 This test method does not provide a flux value to be used directly in design calculations.NOTE 1Flux for in-service conditions depends on a nu
19、mber of factors, including confining pressure, type of hydration fluid, degree of hydration,degree of saturation, type of permeating fluid, and hydraulic gradient. Correlation between flux values obtained with this test method and flux throughGCLs subjected to in-service conditions has not been full
20、y investigated.5.5 This test method does not provide a value of hydraulic conductivity. Although hydraulic conductivity can be determined ina manner similar to the method described in this test method, the thickness of the specimen is needed to calculate hydraulicconductivity. This test method does
21、not include procedures for measuring the thickness of the GCL nor of the clay componentwithin the GCL. Refer to Appendix X2 for calculation of hydraulic conductivity.5.6 The apparatus used in this test method is commonly used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of soil specimens.However, flux va
22、lues measured in this test are typically much lower than those commonly measured for most natural soils. It isessential that the leakage rate of the apparatus used in this test be less than 10 % of the flux.6. Apparatus6.1 Hydraulic System, constant head (Test Method A), falling head (Test Methods B
23、 and C), or constant rate of flow (TestMethod D) systems may be utilized provided they meet the criteria outlined as follows:6.1.1 Constant HeadThe system shall be capable of maintaining constant hydraulic pressures to within 65 % and shallinclude means to measure the hydraulic pressures to within t
24、he prescribed tolerance. In addition, the head loss across the testspecimen must be held constant to within 65 % and shall be measured with the same accuracy or better. Pressures shall bemeasured by a pressure gage, electronic pressure transducer, or any other device of suitable accuracy.6.1.2 Falli
25、ng HeadThe system shall allow for measurement of the applied head loss to within 65 % at any time. In addition,the ratio of initial head loss divided by final head loss over an interval of time shall be measured such that this computed ratio isaccurate to within 65 %. The head loss shall be measured
26、 with a pressure gage, electronic pressure transducer, engineers scale,graduated pipette, or any other device of suitable accuracy. Falling head tests may be performed with either a constant tailwaterelevation (Test Method B) or a rising tailwater elevation (Test Method C).6.1.3 Constant Rate of Flo
27、wThe system shall be capable of maintaining a constant rate of flow through the specimen to within65 %. Flow measurement shall be by calibrated syringe, graduated pipette, or other device of suitable accuracy. The head lossacross the specimens shall be measured to an accuracy of 65 % using an electr
28、onic pressure transducer or other device of suitableaccuracy. More information on testing with a constant rate of flow is given in the literature.36.1.4 System De-AiringThe hydraulic system shall be designed to facilitate rapid and complete removal of free air bubblesfrom flow lines.6.1.5 Back Press
29、ure SystemThe hydraulic system shall have the capability to apply back pressure to the specimen to facilitatesaturation. The system shall be capable of maintaining the applied back pressure throughout the duration of hydraulic conductivitymeasurements. The back pressure system shall be capable of ap
30、plying, controlling, and measuring the back pressure within 65 %of the applied pressure. The back pressure may be provided by a compressed gas supply, a deadweight acting on a piston, or anyother method capable of applying and controlling the back pressure to the tolerance prescribed in this paragra
31、ph.NOTE 2Application of gas pressure directly to a fluid will dissolve gas in the fluid. A variety of techniques are available to minimize dissolution ofgas in the back pressure fluid, including separation of gas and liquid phases with a bladder and frequent replacement of the liquid with de-aired w
32、ater.3 Olson, H. W., Morin, R. H., and Nichols, R. W., “Flow Pump Applications in Triaxial Testing,” Symposium on Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, ASTM STP977, ASTM International, 1988, pp. 6881.D5887/D5887M 1626.2 Flow Measurement SystemBoth inflow and outflow volumes shall be measured u
33、nless the lack of leakage, continuity offlow, and cessation of consolidation or swelling can be verified by other means. Flow volumes shall be measured by a graduatedaccumulator, graduated pipette, vertical standpipe in conjunction with an electronic pressure transducer, or other volume-measuring de
34、vice of suitable accuracy.6.2.1 Flow AccuracyRequired accuracy for the quantity of flow measured over an interval of time is 65 %.6.2.2 De-Airing and Compliance of the SystemThe flow-measurement system shall contain a minimum of dead space and becapable of complete and rapid de-airing. Compliance of
35、 the system in response to changes in pressure shall be minimized by usinga stiff flow measurement system. Rigid tubing, such as metallic or rigid thermoplastic tubing, shall be used.6.2.3 Head LossesHead losses in the tubes, valves, porous end pieces, and filter paper may lead to error. To guard ag
36、ainst sucherrors, the permeameter shall be assembled with no specimen inside and then the hydraulic system filled. If a constant or fallinghead test is to be used, the hydraulic pressures or heads that will be used in testing a specimen shall be applied, and the rate offlow measured with an accuracy
37、 of 65 %. This rate of flow shall be at least ten times greater than the rate of flow that is measuredwhen a specimen is placed inside the permeameter and the same hydraulic pressures or heads are applied. If a constant rate of flowtest is to be used, the rate of flow to be used in testing a specime
38、n shall be supplied to the permeameter and the head loss measured.The head loss without a specimen shall be less than 0.1 times the head loss when a specimen is present.6.3 Permeameter Cell Pressure SystemThe system for pressurizing the permeameter cell shall be capable of applying andcontrolling th
39、e cell pressure to within 65 % of the applied pressure. However, the effective stress on the test specimen shall bemaintained to the desired value with an accuracy of65 %.The device for pressurizing the cell may consist of a reservoir connectedto the permeameter cell and partially filled with de-air
40、ed water, with the upper part of the reservoir connected to a compressed gassupply or other source of pressure (see Note 3). The gas pressure shall be controlled by a pressure regulator and measured by apressure gage, electronic pressure transducer, or any other device capable of measuring to the pr
41、escribed tolerance. A hydraulicsystem pressurized by deadweight acting on a piston or any other pressure device capable of applying and controlling thepermeameter cell pressure to the tolerance prescribed in this paragraph may be used.NOTE 3De-aired water is commonly used for the cell fluid to minim
42、ize potential for diffusion of air through the membrane into the specimen. Otherfluids, such as oils, which have low gas solubilities, are also acceptable, provided they do not react with components of the permeameter and the flexiblemembrane. Also, use of a long (approximately 5 to 7 m) tube connec
43、ting the pressurized cell liquid to cell helps to delay the appearance of air in thecell fluid and to reduce the flux of dissolved air into the cell.6.4 Permeameter CellAn apparatus shall be provided in which the specimen and porous end pieces, enclosed by a flexiblemembrane sealed to the cap and ba
44、se, are subjected to controlled fluid pressures. A schematic diagram of a typical cell is shownin Fig. 1.6.4.1 The permeameter cell may allow for observation of changes in height of the specimen, either by observation through thecell wall using a cathetometer, or other instrument, or by monitoring o
45、f either a loading piston or an extensometer extendingFIG. 1 Permeameter Cell and Test SetupD5887/D5887M 163through the top plate of the cell bearing on the top cap and attached to a dial indicator or other measuring device. The piston orextensometer should pass through a bushing and seal incorporat
46、ed into the top plate and shall be loaded with sufficient force tocompensate for the cell pressure acting over the cross-sectional area of the piston where it passes through the seal. If deformationsare measured, the deformation indicator shall be a dial indicator or cathetometer graduated to 0.3 mm
47、 (0.01 in.) 0.3 mm 0.01 in.or better and having an adequate travel range. Any other measuring device meeting these requirements is acceptable.6.4.2 To facilitate gas removal, and thus saturation of the hydraulic system, four drainage lines leading to the specimen, twoeach to the base and top cap, ar
48、e recommended. The drainage lines shall be controlled by no-volume-change valves, such as ballvalves, and shall be designed to minimize dead space in the lines.6.5 Top Cap and BaseAn impermeable, rigid top cap and base shall be used to support the specimen and provide fortransmission of permanent li
49、quid to and from the specimen. The diameter or width of the top cap and base shall be equal to thediameter or width of the specimen 65 %. The base shall prevent leakage, lateral motion, or tilting, and the top cap shall be deignedto receive the piston or extensometer, if used, such that the piston-to-top cap contact area is concentric with the cap. The surfaceof the base and top cap that contacts the membrane to form a seal shall be smooth and free of scratches.6.6 Flexible MembranesThe flexible membrane used to encase the specimen shall provide
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