1、Designation: D5911/D5911M 96 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Practice forMinimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Soil SamplingSite1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5911/D5911M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEA units statement was added and the designation was revised editorially in August 2010.1. Scope1.1 Th
3、is practice covers what information should be ob-tained to uniquely identify any soil sampling or examinationsite where an absolute and recoverable location is necessary forquality control of the study, such as a waste disposal project.The minimum set of data elements for sampling site identifi-cati
4、on (DEFFSI) was developed considering the needs forinformational data bases, such as geographic informationsystems (GIS). Other distinguishing details, such as individualsite characteristics help in singularly cataloging the site. Forstudies that are not environmentally regulated, such as for anagri
5、cultural or preconstruction survey, the data specificationsestablished an agency or company may be different from thatof the minimum set (see Guide D420 and Practice D5254).1.2 As used in this practice, a soil sampling site is meant tobe a single point, not a geographic area or property, located bya
6、n X, Y, and Z coordinate position at land surface or a fixeddatum. All soil data collected for the site are directly related tothe coordinate position, for example, sample from x feet (ormetres) or sample from interval x1to x2ft (or metres) below theX, Y, and Z coordinate position. A soil sampling s
7、ite caninclude a test well, augered or bored hole, excavation, grabsample, test pit, sidewall sample, stream bed, or any other sitewhere samples of the soil can be collected or examined for thepurpose intended.1.3 The collection of soil samples is a disruptive procedureas the material is usually ext
8、racted from its natural environ-ment and then transported from the site to a laboratory foranalysis. Normally, in this highly variable type of material, theadjacent soil profile will not be precisely the same as thesampled soil. For these reasons, when soil samples are re-moved the same material can
9、not be collected from the sitelater. Therefore, it is essential that the minimum set of DEFSSIbe thoroughly documented and identified especially with anaccurate location.1.4 Samples of soil (sediment) filtered from the water ofstreams, rivers, or lakes are not in the scope of this practice.NOTE 1The
10、re are many additional data elements that may be neces-sary to identify and to describe a soil sampling site, but are not includedin the minimum set of data elements. An agency or company may requireadditional data elements as a part of their minimum set for a specificproject or program.1.5 The valu
11、es stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitspresented in brackets are to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two systems mayresult in non-conform
12、ance with the standard.1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic(F = ma) calculations are i
13、nvolved.1.6 This practice includes those data elements that willdistinguish a sites geographical location on Earth, its locationby political regimes, its source identifiers, and its individualsite characteristics. These elements apply to all soil andgeotechnical sampling sites involved in environmen
14、tal assess-ment studies. Each category of site, such as a bore hole orexcavation, may require additional data elements to be com-plete.1.7 Some suggested components and representative codesfor coded DEFSSI, for example, “setting”, are those estab-lished by Ref (1),2by Practice D2487, by the Water Re
15、sourcesDivision of the U.S. Geological Survey in Ref (3), and byBoulding in Ref (4) and (5).NOTE 2The data elements presented in this practice do not uniquelyimply a computer data base, but the minimum set of soil data elements thatshould be collected for entry into any type of permanent file.1.8 Th
16、is practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
17、 D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D591196(2002)1DOI: 10.1520/D5911_D5911M-96R10E01.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of
18、references at theend of the text.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or re
19、place the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM c
20、onsensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification
21、 System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify
22、 a Ground-Water Site3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 “Soils” are sediments or other unconsolidated solidparticles of rock produced by the physical and chemicaldisintegration of rock, and which may or may not containorganic matter (see Terminology D653).3.1.2 Dis
23、cussionSoil consists of any individual or com-bination of gravel (passes a 75-mm or 3-in. screen), sand,clay, silt, organic clay, organic silt, and peat as categorized inthe Unified Soil Classification System (1, 2, 4, 5) (see PracticesD2487 and D2488). Materials larger than gravel, includingcobbles
24、 (between 75 and 300 mm or 3 and 12 in.) andboulders (more than 300 mm or 12 in.), are not included inthe definition of soil. Soil is found above the consolidatedrocks and can be unsaturated (vadose zone) or saturated(capillary fringe and water table) with water or other liquids.NOTE 3Soil, as defin
25、ed by geotechnical engineers, is all unconsoli-dated material above bedrock (6); or the natural medium for growth ofland plants (7). The pedologic definition is, the unconsolidated mineral ororganic matter on the surface of the earth subjected to and influenced bygenic and environmental factors of:
26、parent material, climate (includingwater and effects), macro- and micro-organisms, and topography, allacting over a period of time and producing a product-soil-that differs frommaterial from which it is derived in many physical, chemical, biological,and morphological properties and characteristics (
27、8).3.2 “Sediment” (for geology) is a mass of organic orinorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragmentitself, which comes from weathering of rock and is carried by,suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice; or a massaccumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layerson th
28、e Earths surface such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, till, orloess (6,9). These materials are“ soils” for the purpose of thispractice.3.3 “Soil Sampling Site” is meant to be a single point, not ageographic area or property, located by an X, Y, and Zcoordinate position at land surface or a fixed datum (
29、see 1.2 foradditional explanation).3.4 ”Date of First Record for Soil Sampling Site” is the datethat the first valid transaction occured for any element of thespecified site. This could be the date of a permit application orstart of construction. This element is important to facilitate theproper ide
30、ntification of the record.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice includes the following DEFSSI to identifya subsurface soil site:4.1.1 Geographic Location:4.1.1.1 Latitude,4.1.1.2 Longitude,4.1.1.3 Coordinate precision,4.1.1.4 Altitude, and4.1.1.5 Altitude precision.4.1.2 Political Regime Location:
31、4.1.2.1 State or country identification, and4.1.2.2 County or county equivalent.4.1.3 Source Identifiers:4.1.3.1 Project identification,4.1.3.2 Owners name,4.1.3.3 Source agency or company and address,4.1.3.4 Unique identification, and4.1.3.5 Date of first record for the soil sampling site.4.1.4 Ind
32、ividual Site Characteristics:4.1.4.1 Setting,4.1.4.2 Type of soil sampling site,4.1.4.3 Use of site, and4.1.4.4 Reason for data collection or examination.5. Significance and Use5.1 Normally, the basic soil data are gathered by trainedpersonnel during the field investigation phase of a study. Eachage
33、ncy or company has its own methods of obtaining, record-ing, and storing the information. Usually, these data arerecorded onto forms that serve both in organizing the informa-tion in the field and the office, and often as entry forms for acomputer data base. For soil data to be of maximum value toth
34、e current project and any future studies, especially thoseinvolved in the assessment of the environment, it is essentialthat a minimum set of key identification data elements berecorded for each sampling site.5.2 When obtaining basic data concerning a subsurface soilsampling site, it is necessary to
35、 thoroughly identify thatsampling site so that it may be readily located again withminimal uncertainty and may be accurately plotted and inter-preted for data parameters in relationship to other samplingsites. For example, information can be presented on maps andin summary tables (see Practice D3740
36、).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D5911/D5911M 96 (2010)126. Documentation6.1 Geographic Loca
37、tion:6.1.1 IntroductionThe universally accepted coordinatesdefining the absolute two-dimensional location of a site on theEarths surface are latitude and longitude. The coordinates aredetermined by careful measurement from an accurate map, bysurvey, for example, Geographical Positioning System (GPS)
38、or by conversion from another coordinate system, for example,Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System or State PlaneCoordinate System (SPCS). The third-dimension of the loca-tion is established by determining the altitude at the site,usually from topographic maps or by surveying techniques.The U.S
39、. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has guid-ance documents concerning their policy for locating data pointsor sites (1013). In addition, the publication (14) can beobtained by the address given in Footnote 5.4NOTE 4If sites are located by property, local, State, or Federalboundaries or by soil
40、sampling grid lines, other grid coordinates, planecoordinates, plant location grids, referenced to recoverable benchmarks,their locations should be readily convertible to absolute latitude/longitudecoordinates by an acceptable method.6.1.2 LatitudeLatitude is a coordinate representation thatindicate
41、s locations on the surface of the Earth using the Earthsequator as the respective latitudinal origin. Record the bestavailable value for the latitude of the site in degrees, minutes,seconds and fractions of a second (DDMMSSss). If latitude ofthe site is south of the Equator, precede the numbers with
42、 aminus sign (). The use of N or S is also appropriate (3,1315).6.1.3 LongitudeLongitude is a coordinate representationthat indicates locations on the surface of the Earth using theprime meridian (Greenwich, England) as the longitudinalorigin. Record the best available value for the longitude of the
43、site, in degrees, minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second(DDDMMSSss). If longitude of the site is measured east of theGreenwich Meridian, precede the numbers with a minus sign(). The use of E or W is also appropriate (3,1315).6.1.4 Coordinate PrecisionRecord the precision of thecoordinate values
44、. The precision values may be measured inlinear distance (feet or metres) or in coordinate degree values(stated as decimal values or as minutes and seconds). Themethod specified by EPA is the coordinate degree values (13).NOTE 5For most soil surveys the precision of the coordinate values isdependent
45、 upon the size of the sample. In most subsurface drillingoperations, the highest level of attainable precision is about 60.015 m60.05 ft, therefore surveys of greater precision should not be required.6.1.5 AltitudeRecord the altitude of land surface or mea-suring point.Altitude of the land surface i
46、s the vertical distancein feet (or metres) either above or below a reference datumsurface. The reference datum surface must be noted (3,13,15).NOTE 6In the United States, this reference surface should be theNorth American Vertical Datum (NAVD) of 1988 or National GeodeticVertical Datum (NGVD) of 192
47、9. If another vertical reference datum isused to determine the altitude, describe the system.NOTE 7The measuring point is usually a carefully surveyed andpermanently fixed object near a soil sampling site used for determining thealtitude of the collected or examined material at the site.6.1.6 Altitu
48、de PrecisionRecord the precision of the alti-tude.As an example, record 1.0, for an accuracy of 61m or 0.1for 60.1m to denote the judged error of the measurement (3).6.2 Location Identification by Political Regimes:6.2.1 IntroductionThe description of the soil samplingsite in some political jurisdic
49、tions helps in the proper identifi-cation of the site.6.2.2 State or Country Record the state or country inwhich the site is physically located. The common systems foridentifying States and countries are the Federal InformationProcessing Standard code (FIPS), a two-digit numeric code orthe American National Standard Abbreviation two-letter code.The country codes are a two-character and a set of three-character alphabetic codes (3,131618).NOTE 8The publications (FIPS PUB 5-2, FIPS PUB 6-4 and FIPSPUB 104-1) containing the codes for countrie
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