1、Designation: D 5911 96 (Reapproved 2002)e1Standard Practice forMinimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Soil SamplingSite1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5911; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in September 2002.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers what information sho
3、uld be ob-tained to uniquely identify any soil sampling or examinationsite where an absolute and recoverable location is necessary forquality control of the study, such as a waste disposal project.The minimum set of data elements for sampling site identifi-cation (DEFFSI) was developed considering t
4、he needs forinformational data bases, such as geographic informationsystems (GIS). Other distinguishing details, such as individualsite characteristics help in singularly cataloging the site. Forstudies that are not environmentally regulated, such as for anagricultural or preconstruction survey, the
5、 data specificationsestablished an agency or company may be different from thatof the minimum set (see Guide D420 and Practice D5254).1.2 As used in this practice, a soil sampling site is meant tobe a single point, not a geographic area or property, located byan X, Y, and Z coordinate position at la
6、nd surface or a fixeddatum. All soil data collected for the site are directly related tothe coordinate position, for example, sample from x feet (ormetres) or sample from interval x1to x2ft (or metres) below theX, Y, and Z coordinate position. A soil sampling site caninclude a test well, augered or
7、bored hole, excavation, grabsample, test pit, sidewall sample, stream bed, or any other sitewhere samples of the soil can be collected or examined for thepurpose intended.1.3 The collection of soil samples is a disruptive procedureas the material is usually extracted from its natural environ-ment an
8、d then transported from the site to a laboratory foranalysis. Normally, in this highly variable type of material, theadjacent soil profile will not be precisely the same as thesampled soil. For these reasons, when soil samples are re-moved the same material cannot be collected from the sitelater. Th
9、erefore, it is essential that the minimum set of DEFSSIbe thoroughly documented and identified especially with anaccurate location.1.4 Samples of soil (sediment) filtered from the water ofstreams, rivers, or lakes are not in the scope of this practice.NOTE 1There are many additional data elements th
10、at may be neces-sary to identify and to describe a soil sampling site, but are not includedin the minimum set of data elements. An agency or company may requireadditional data elements as a part of their minimum set for a specificproject or program.1.5 This practice includes those data elements that
11、 willdistinguish a sites geographical location on Earth, its locationby political regimes, its source identifiers, and its individualsite characteristics. These elements apply to all soil andgeotechnical sampling sites involved in environmental assess-ment studies. Each category of site, such as a b
12、ore hole orexcavation, may require additional data elements to be com-plete.1.6 Some suggested components and representative codesfor coded DEFSSI, for example, “setting”, are those estab-lished by Ref (1),2by Practice D2487, by the Water ResourcesDivision of the U.S. Geological Survey in Ref (3), a
13、nd byBoulding in Ref (4) and (5).NOTE 2The data elements presented in this practice do not uniquelyimply a computer data base, but the minimum set of soil data elements thatshould be collected for entry into any type of permanent file.1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone
14、or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whic
15、hthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1This practice is
16、 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1996. Published May 1996.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at t
17、heend of the text.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-sign, and Construction Purposes3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil,
18、Rock, and ContainedFluids3D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)3D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)3D 3740 Practice Minimum Requirements for Agencies En-gaged in the Testing and/or Ins
19、pection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and Construction3D 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water Site43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 “Soils” are sediments or other unconsolidated solidparticles of rock produced
20、by the physical and chemicaldisintegration of rock, and which may or may not containorganic matter (see Terminology D 653).3.1.2 DiscussionSoil consists of any individual or com-bination of gravel (passes a 3-in. or 75-mm screen), sand, clay,silt, organic clay, organic silt, and peat as categorized
21、in theUnified Soil Classification System (1, 2, 4, 5) (see PracticesD 2487 and D 2488). Materials larger than gravel, includingcobbles (between 3 and 12 in. or 75 and 300 mm) and boulders(more than 12 in. or 300 mm), are not included in the definitionof soil. Soil is found above the consolidated roc
22、ks and can beunsaturated (vadose zone) or saturated (capillary fringe andwater table) with water or other liquids.NOTE 3Soil, as defined by geotechnical engineers, is all unconsoli-dated material above bedrock (6); or the natural medium for growth ofland plants (7). The pedologic definition is, the
23、unconsolidated mineral ororganic matter on the surface of the earth subjected to and influenced bygenic and environmental factors of: parent material, climate (includingwater and effects), macro- and micro-organisms, and topography, allacting over a period of time and producing a product-soil-that d
24、iffers frommaterial from which it is derived in many physical, chemical, biological,and morphological properties and characteristics (8).3.2 “Sediment” (for geology) is a mass of organic orinorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragmentitself, which comes from weathering of rock and is ca
25、rried by,suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice; or a massaccumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layerson the Earths surface such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, till, orloess (6,9). These materials are“ soils” for the purpose of thispractice.3.3 “Soil Sampling Site” is meant t
26、o be a single point, not ageographic area or property, located by an X, Y, and Zcoordinate position at land surface or a fixed datum (see 1.2 foradditional explanation).3.4 ”Date of First Record for Soil Sampling Site” is the datethat the first valid transaction occured for any element of thespecifi
27、ed site. This could be the date of a permit application orstart of construction. This element is important to facilitate theproper identification of the record.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice includes the following DEFSSI to identifya subsurface soil site:4.1.1 Geographic Location:4.1.1.1 La
28、titude,4.1.1.2 Longitude,4.1.1.3 Coordinate precision,4.1.1.4 Altitude, and4.1.1.5 Altitude precision.4.1.2 Political Regime Location:4.1.2.1 State or country identification, and4.1.2.2 County or county equivalent.4.1.3 Source Identifiers:4.1.3.1 Project identification,4.1.3.2 Owners name,4.1.3.3 So
29、urce agency or company and address,4.1.3.4 Unique identification, and4.1.3.5 Date of first record for the soil sampling site.4.1.4 Individual Site Characteristics:4.1.4.1 Setting,4.1.4.2 Type of soil sampling site,4.1.4.3 Use of site, and4.1.4.4 Reason for data collection or examination.5. Significa
30、nce and Use5.1 Normally, the basic soil data are gathered by trainedpersonnel during the field investigation phase of a study. Eachagency or company has its own methods of obtaining, record-ing, and storing the information. Usually, these data arerecorded onto forms that serve both in organizing the
31、 informa-tion in the field and the office, and often as entry forms for acomputer data base. For soil data to be of maximum value tothe current project and any future studies, especially thoseinvolved in the assessment of the environment, it is essentialthat a minimum set of key identification data
32、elements berecorded for each sampling site.5.2 When obtaining basic data concerning a subsurface soilsampling site, it is necessary to thoroughly identify thatsampling site so that it may be readily located again withminimal uncertainty and may be accurately plotted and inter-preted for data paramet
33、ers in relationship to other samplingsites. For example, information can be presented on maps andin summary tables (see Practice D3740).6. Documentation6.1 Geographic Location:6.1.1 IntroductionThe universally accepted coordinatesdefining the absolute two-dimensional location of a site on theEarths
34、surface are latitude and longitude. The coordinates aredetermined by careful measurement from an accurate map, bysurvey, for example, Geographical Positioning System (GPS)or by conversion from another coordinate system, for example,Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System or State PlaneCoordinate
35、System (SPCS). The third-dimension of the loca-tion is established by determining the altitude at the site,3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.D 5911 96 (2002)e12usually from topographic maps or by surveying techniques.The U.S. Environmental Protection
36、 Agency (EPA) has guid-ance documents concerning their policy for locating data pointsor sites (1013). In addition, the publication (14) can beobtained by the address given in Footnote 55.NOTE 4If sites are located by property, local, State, or Federalboundaries or by soil sampling grid lines, other
37、 grid coordinates, planecoordinates, plant location grids, referenced to recoverable benchmarks,their locations should be readily convertible to absolute latitude/longitudecoordinates by an acceptable method.6.1.2 LatitudeLatitude is a coordinate representation thatindicates locations on the surface
38、 of the Earth using the Earthsequator as the respective latitudinal origin. Record the bestavailable value for the latitude of the site in degrees, minutes,seconds and fractions of a second (DDMMSSss). If latitude ofthe site is south of the Equator, precede the numbers with aminus sign (). The use o
39、f N or S is also appropriate (3,1315).6.1.3 LongitudeLongitude is a coordinate representationthat indicates locations on the surface of the Earth using theprime meridian (Greenwich, England) as the longitudinalorigin. Record the best available value for the longitude of thesite, in degrees, minutes,
40、 seconds, and fractions of a second(DDDMMSSss). If longitude of the site is measured east of theGreenwich Meridian, precede the numbers with a minus sign(). The use of E or W is also appropriate (3,1315).6.1.4 Coordinate PrecisionRecord the precision of thecoordinate values. The precision values may
41、 be measured inlinear distance (feet or metres) or in coordinate degree values(stated as decimal values or as minutes and seconds). Themethod specified by EPA is the coordinate degree values (13).NOTE 5For most soil surveys the precision of the coordinate values isdependent upon the size of the samp
42、le. In most subsurface drillingoperations, the highest level of attainable precision is about 60.05 ft(0.015 m), therefore surveys of greater precision should not be required.6.1.5 AltitudeRecord the altitude of land surface or mea-suring point. Altitude of the land surface is the vertical distancei
43、n feet (or metres) either above or below a reference datumsurface. The reference datum surface must be noted (3,13,15).NOTE 6In the United States, this reference surface should be theNorth American Vertical Datum (NAVD) of 1988 or National GeodeticVertical Datum (NGVD) of 1929. If another vertical r
44、eference datum isused to determine the altitude, describe the system.NOTE 7The measuring point is usually a carefully surveyed andpermanently fixed object near a soil sampling site used for determining thealtitude of the collected or examined material at the site.6.1.6 Altitude PrecisionRecord the p
45、recision of the alti-tude. As an example, record 1.0, for an accuracy of 61m or 0.1for 60.1m to denote the judged error of the measurement (3).6.2 Location Identification by Political Regimes:6.2.1 IntroductionThe description of the soil samplingsite in some political jurisdictions helps in the prop
46、er identifi-cation of the site.6.2.2 State or Country Record the state or country inwhich the site is physically located. The common systems foridentifying States and countries are the Federal InformationProcessing Standard code (FIPS), a two-digit numeric code orthe American National Standard Abbre
47、viation two-letter code.The country codes are a two-character and a set of three-character alphabetic codes (3,131618).NOTE 8The publications (FIPS PUB 5-2, FIPS PUB 6-4 and FIPSPUB 104-1) containing the codes for countries, states, and counties areavailable from the address in Footnote 5.6.2.3 Coun
48、ty and County EquivalentRecord the county orcounty equivalent in which the site is physically located. Thecommon code system for identifying counties is the FIPS code,a three-digit numeric code. The documentation of politicalsubdivisions will depend on the system used in each individualcountry (3,13
49、,15,18).6.2.4 Local Government Subdivisions- In many cases it isnecessary to record a subdivision of the local government tofurther identify the area where the soil sampling site is located.Some local subdivisions are a city, town, village, municipality,township, or borough. Identify the local subdivision, forexample “City of Rockville”, to clearly denote the unit.6.3 Source Identifiers:6.3.1 IntroductionThe soil sampling site must be identi-fied as to the project, owner, the agency or company thatrecorded data, and its distinctive identification.6.3.2 Pr
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