1、Designation: D 5995 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide forEnvironmental Site Characterization in Cold Regions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONUnderstanding environmental processes that occur in soil and rock systems in cold regions of theworld depends on adequ
3、ate characterization of not only the physical, chemical, and biologicalproperties of soil and rock but also the climatic factors under which they exist. Processes of interestmay include, but are not limited to, surface and subsurface hydrology, contaminant mobilization,distribution, fate and transpo
4、rt, chemical and biological degradation of wastes, geomorphological, andecological processes in general.1. Scope1.1 Use this guide in conjunction with Guide D 5730.1.2 This guide describes special problems to be consideredwhen planning field investigations in cold regions. The primaryfocus of this g
5、uide is presenting the special problems andconcerns of site characterization in the cold regions of theworld.1.3 Laboratory testing of soil, rock, and ground-watersamples is specified by other ASTM standards that are notspecifically discussed in this guide. Laboratory methods formeasurement of physi
6、cal properties relevant to environmentalinvestigations are included in Guide D 5730.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This guide emphasizes the care that must be taken by allfield personnel during operations in tundra and permafrostareas of the world.1.6 This gu
7、ide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstan
8、ces. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means
9、 only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determi
10、ne the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D 5254 Practice for the Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentif
11、y a Ground-Water SiteD 5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part OneAdditional IdentificationDescriptorsD 5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD 5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Sit
12、e; Part ThreeUsage DescriptorsD 5730 Guide to Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-CirculationDrilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monit
13、oring DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Moni-toring Devices1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of
14、 Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved March 10, 1998. Published August 1998. Originallypublished as D 5995 96. Last previous edition D 5995 96.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se
15、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6001 Guide for Direct Push Water Sampling for Geoen
16、-vironmental Investigations3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this guide arein accordance with Terminology D 653.3.1.1 Guide D 5730 identifies major references from a rangeof disciplines that can be used as additional sources fordefinitions of terms that are related to environ
17、mental sitecharacterization.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 active layer, nthe top layer of ground above thepermafrost table that thaws each summer and refreezes eachfall.3.2.2 alpine permafrost, npermafrost developed in tem-perate climate mountainous areas of the world.3.2.
18、3 continuous permafrost, npermafrost occurring ev-erywhere beneath the exposed land surface throughout ageographic regional zone, with the exception of widely scat-tered sites, such as newly deposited unconsolidated sediments,where the climate has just begun to impose its influence on theground ther
19、mal regime that will cause the formation ofcontinuous permafrost.3.2.4 discontinuous permafrost, npermafrost occurring insome areas beneath the ground surface throughout a geo-graphic regional zone where other areas are free of permafrost.3.2.5 icing, na sheet-like mass of layered ice, either on the
20、ground surface or on the surface of river ice. Aufeis (German),Naled (Russian).3.2.6 permafrost, nthe thermal condition in earth materi-als where temperatures below 0C persist over at least twoconsecutive winters and the intervening summer; moisture inthe form of water and ground ice may or may not
21、be present.Earth materials in this thermal condition may be described asperennially frozen, irrespective of their water and ice content.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide, when used in conjunction with GuideD 5730, provides direction to the selection of the variousASTM standards that are availabl
22、e for the investigation of soil,rock, the vadose zone, ground-water, and other media wherethe investigations have an environmental purpose and areconducted in cold regions of the world. It is intended toimprove consistency of practice and to encourage rationalplanning of a site characterization prog
23、ram by providinginformation to assist in the design of an environmental recon-naissance or investigation plans. This guide is intended toprovide information that will help minimize the effect of sitecharacterization operations on areas of frozen ground orpermafrost and increase the safety of environ
24、mental operationsin cold regions.4.2 This guide presents information and references for sitecharacterization for environmental purposes in cold regions ofthe world.5. Special Problems of Cold Regions5.1 SafetyWhen working in very cold temperatures safetyis of utmost importance. Weather is volatile a
25、nd unpredictable.The difficulty of working under arctic conditions tends to causefrustration and increases the chance of injury. Freezing ofexposed flesh and hypothermia can occur very quickly underwinter conditions. Specific training in arctic survival tech-niques in accordance with the Department
26、of the Army orcomparable training is recommended for anyone expected towork in these conditions.5.2 TundraAll operations in areas of tundra must beundertaken with special care. What causes a minor impact in atemperate region from a small environmental site characteriza-tion study will have a greater
27、 impact on tundra or areasunderlain by permafrost. Special care and attention during theplanning process must be given to field operations to preventdamage to the tundra surface and vegetation. Winter fieldoperations when tundra is protected by snow and ice are lessdamaging than summer operations bu
28、t increase difficultiescreated by very cold temperatures (see 5.3).5.2.1 Give special attention to all operations using any formof vehicle in tundra areas. Because of the fragile nature oftundra only a single vehicle pass or aircraft landing may be allthat is required to cause uncontrolled degradati
29、on of thevegetation and underlying permafrost.5.2.2 Give special attention to any operation using a motor-ized or heat producing unit (for example, drilling equipment).These items must be insulated in order to protect permafrost orfrozen surface layers against heat transfer, which can result inirrev
30、ersible degradation of the vegetation and underlyingpermafrost.5.3 Very Cold TemperaturesField operations during sea-sons of very cold temperatures require special planning andconcern. Work elements that would require only an hour or soto perform in temperate climates may require several days toperf
31、orm under the winter temperatures of cold regions. Siteinvestigation planning should take into consideration and allowsufficient time to perform all steps of the investigation. Someprocedures, such as tactile methods for visual-manual classifi-cation of soils, may not be feasible during cold weather
32、.5.4 PermafrostThe cold winters and short summers of thepolar regions produce a layer of frozen ground or permafrostthat remains frozen through the summer. Permafrost is aphenomenon of the polar and subpolar regions of the world.About 20 % of the worlds land is underlain by permafrost.Permafrost and
33、 permafrost hazards uniquely affect most activi-ties in the cold regions, and permafrost and associated hazardsmust be considered in the planning of all environmental sitecharacterization operations.5.4.1 Many permafrost areas of the world are not in equi-librium with the existing climate. Any small
34、 disturbance of thethermal regime of the permafrost, such as a tire track or drillhole, may result in a drastic change in the underlying perma-frost. Therefore, extreme care must be given to prevent damageto the environment when conducting characterization opera-tions in areas underlain by permafros
35、t.5.4.2 Permafrost acts as a natural barrier in some areas,containing aquifers not usually exposed to surface conditions.Penetration of the permafrost layer into underlying groundwater during installation of monitoring wells or collection ofdeep core samples can increase and exacerbate the fate andD
36、 5995 98 (2004)2transport of environmental contaminants. This can, in turn,change a relatively small, contained site into a much larger areaof contamination with greater environmental impact in a regionwith fragile, highly specialized flora and fauna.5.5 Seepage IcingsGround-water that seeps or flow
37、s atground surface often results in the formation of disruptiveicings. Because many of these seepage sites are located alongroad cuts the icings may result in loss of use of the roadway.Seepage icings from uncontrolled artesian well flow have beenknown to cause disruptions. Seasonal frost moves down
38、wardmore quickly along roadways than it does adjacent undisturbedareas. At times, seasonal frost will move downward to contactthe underlying permafrost and form a frost dam within the soilthat impedes the flow of ground-water. Hydrostatic pressurewill then increase, forcing water to the surface form
39、ing anicing. Special attention must be given when undertakingenvironmental site investigations in cold regions to prevent theoccurrence of icings, unless specifically created by design forconstruction of winter haul roads.5.6 Frost HeavingIn areas of fine-grained sediments, suchas silt and clay, fro
40、st heaving along with loss of bearingstrength is a major problem that must be considered wheninstalling recorder sites for monitoring operations in coldregions. Frost heaving may distort structures, collapse wellcasings, and cause changes in casing elevations of wells. If notcorrected, changes in ca
41、sing elevation may result in water levelmeasurements that are not correct. During design, siting orconstruction of structures, frost heaving must be consideredand taken into account.5.7 Transient Artesian ConditionsDuring drilling opera-tions, special attention must be given to possible artesiangrou
42、nd-water conditions below any existing permafrost layers.Drilling operations in cold regions must include plans fordealing with the artesian pressures and blow-out prevention.This may require the use of forward rotary drilling equipmentand mud additives to increase the specific weight of the drillin
43、gfluid during drilling. Guide D 5783 on direct rotary drillingshould be consulted for information on use of drilling fluidadditives.6. Site Investigation Plan6.1 Review objectives of the investigation prior to finaldevelopment of a detailed site investigation plan. In coldregions this requires the i
44、nvolvement of individuals or organi-zations with experience working in such regions. The detailedsite investigation plan should clearly identify the types of datathat are required to meet the objectives of the investigation.Considerations for identifying data requirements include:6.1.1 Data required
45、 to comply with applicable federal, state,or local regulatory programs.6.1.2 Data required as inputs to computer models expectedto be used.6.1.3 Data required for selection and design of any imple-mentation measures (that is, protective measures at controlledwaste disposal sites, remediation options
46、 at contaminatedsites).6.1.4 Data and information on any known geologic orhydrologic hazards at the site.6.1.5 Data required for risk assessment or to proposealternative cleanup levels.6.2 A site visit prior to extensive collection of existing datashould be made unless the limited scope of a project
47、 does notallow multiple visits. The advantage of such a visit is that itmay prevent preconceived ideas derived from inaccurate ex-isting information from influencing initial conceptual sitemodel development. A complete environmental site investiga-tion will usually encompass the following activities
48、:6.2.1 Review available information, both regional and local,on the geologic history (including seismic activity and otherpotential geologic hazards), rock, soil, ground-water, surfacewater, and other significant environmental and anthropogenicfeatures (for example, buried utilities) occurring at th
49、e pro-posed location and in the immediate vicinity of the site.6.2.2 In cold regions, the site investigation plan shouldinclude information as to study site selection, routes of accessto the site with minimum environmental damage, type andnumber of tests to be performed at the site, and disposal ofwaste produced by tests and personnel along with any specialrequirements needed to reduce the effects of the testing on thesurrounding environment. Nonintrusive, nondestructive geo-physical testing methods, such as seismic refraction, electro-magnetic induction, and gr
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