1、Designation: D6000/D6000M 151Standard Guide forPresentation of Water-Level Information from GroundwaterSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6000/D6000M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially corrected designation to match units of measurement statement in September 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This guide cover
3、s and summarizes methods for thepresentation of water-level data from groundwater sites.1.2 The study of the water table in aquifers helps in theinterpretation of the amount of water available for withdrawal,aquifer tests, movement of water through the aquifers, and theeffects of natural and human-i
4、nduced forces on the aquifers.1.3 A single water level measured at a groundwater sitegives the height of water at one vertical position in a well orborehole at a finite instant in time. This is information that canbe used for preliminary planning in the construction of a wellor other facilities, suc
5、h as disposal pits. Hydraulic head canalso be measured within a short time from a series of points,depths, or elevation at a common (single) horizontal location,for example, a specially constructed multi-level test well,indicates whether the vertical hydraulic gradient may beupward or downward withi
6、n or between the aquifer.NOTE 1The phrases “short time period” and “finite instant in time”are used throughout this guide to describe the interval for measuringseveral project-related groundwater levels. Often the water levels ofgroundwater sites in an area of study do not change significantly in a
7、shorttime, for example, a day or even a week. Unless continuous recorders areused to document water levels at every groundwater site of the project, themeasurement at each site, for example, use of a steel tape, will be at aslightly different time (unless a large staff is available for a coordinated
8、measurement). The judgment of what is a critical time period must bemade by a project investigator who is familiar with the hydrology of thearea.1.4 Where hydraulic heads are measured in a short period oftime, for example, a day, from each of several horizontallocations within a specified depth rang
9、e, or hydrogeologic unit,or identified aquifer, a potentiometric surface can be drawn forthat depth range, or unit, or aquifer. Water levels from differentvertical sites at a single horizontal location may be averaged toa single value for the potentiometric surface when the verticalgradients are sma
10、ll compared to the horizontal gradients. Thepotentiometric surface assists in interpreting the gradient andhorizontal direction of movement of water through the aquifer.Phenomena such as depressions or sinks caused by withdrawalof water from production areas and mounds caused by naturalor artificial
11、 recharge are illustrated by these potentiometricmaps.1.5 Essentially all water levels, whether in confined orunconfined aquifers, fluctuate over time in response to natural-and human-induced forces. The fluctuation of the water table ata groundwater site is caused by several phenomena. Anexample is
12、 recharge to the aquifer from precipitation. Changesin barometric pressure cause the water table to fluctuatebecause of the variation of air pressure on the groundwatersurface, open bore hole, or confining sediment. Withdrawal ofwater from or artificial recharge to the aquifer should cause thewater
13、table to fluctuate in response. Events such as rising orfalling levels of surface water bodies (nearby streams andlakes), evapotranspiration induced by phreatophyticconsumption, ocean tides, moon tides, earthquakes, and explo-sions cause fluctuation. Heavy physical objects that compressthe surroundi
14、ng sediments, for example, a passing train or caror even the sudden load effect of the starting of a nearby pump,can cause a fluctuation of the water table (1).21.6 This guide covers several techniques developed to assistin interpreting the water table within aquifers. Tables andgraphs are included.
15、1.7 This guide includes methods to represent the water tableat a single groundwater site for a finite or short period of time,a single site over an extended period, multiple sites for a finiteor short period in time, and multiple sites over an extendedperiod.1.8 This guide does not include methods o
16、f calculating orestimating water levels by using mathematical models ordetermining the aquifer characteristics from data collected1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investiga
17、tions.Current edition approved April 15, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6000 96 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D6000_D6000M-15E01.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.*A Summary of Changes
18、 section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1during controlled aquifer tests. These methods are discussed inGuides D4043, D5447, and D5490, Test Methods D4044,D4050, D4104, D4105, D4106,
19、D4630, D4631, D5269,D5270, D5472, and D5473.1.9 Many of the diagrams illustrated in this guide includenotations to help the reader in understanding how thesediagrams were constructed. These notations would not berequired on a diagram designed for inclusion in a projectdocument.1.10 This guide covers
20、 a series of options, but does notspecify a course of action. It should not be used as the solecriterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieveprofessional judgment.1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values sta
21、ted ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.12 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recom
22、mend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by w
23、hich the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced
24、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydrauli
25、cProperties of AquifersD4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawaland Injection Well Testing for Determining HydraulicProperties of Aquifer SystemsD4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for DeterminingTransmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Over-damped Well Response to Instantan
26、eous Change in Head(Slug Tests)D4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequi-librium MethodD4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coef
27、ficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis NonequilibriumMethodD4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Constant Head Injection TestD4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Lo
28、w Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-surements Using Pressure Pulse TechniqueD5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery MethodD5270 Test Method for Determining Tran
29、smissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, ConfinedAquifersD5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGroundwater Site; Part OneAdditional IdentificationDescriptorsD5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD5410 Guide for Set
30、 of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site;Part ThreeUsage DescriptorsD5447 Guide forApplication of a Groundwater Flow Modelto a Site-Specific ProblemD5472 Test Method for Determining Specific Capacity andEstimating Transmissivity at the Control WellD5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure
31、for) Analyz-ing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well andDetermining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con-ductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aquifer (Withdrawn2015)4D5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Groundwa-ter InvestigationsD5490 Guide for Comparing Groundwater Flow Mo
32、delSimulations to Site-Specific InformationD5609 Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions in Ground-water Flow Modeling3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 groundwater siteas used in this g
33、uide, a site is meantto be a single point, not a geographic area or property, locatedby an X, Y, and Z coordinate position with respect to landsurface or a fixed datum. A groundwater site is defined as anysource, location, or sampling station capable of producingwater or hydrologic data from a natur
34、al stratum from below thesurface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well,spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal inorientation). Other sources, such as excavations, drivendevices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, which can be3For referenced ASTM standards, visit
35、the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D6000/D6000M 15
36、12shown to be hydraulically connected to the groundwater, areappropriate for the use intended.3.2.2 hydrograph, nfor groundwater, a graph showing thewater level or head with respect to time (2).3.2.3 water level, nfor groundwater, the level of the watertable surrounding a borehole or well. The groun
37、dwater levelcan be represented as an elevation or as a depth below aphysical marker on the well casing.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The Significance and Use section presents the relevanceof the tables and diagrams of the water table and relatedparameters.4.2 A description is given of the selection process
38、 for datapresentation along with a discussion on water level datapreparation.4.3 Tabular methods of presenting water-levels:4.3.1 Tables with single water levels, and4.3.2 Tables with multiple water levels (3).4.4 Graphical methods for presenting water levels:4.4.1 Vertical gradient at a single site
39、4.4.2 Hydrographs,4.4.3 Temporal trends in hydraulic head,4.4.4 Potentiometric maps,4.4.5 Change maps,4.4.6 Water-table cross sections, and4.4.7 Statistical comparisons of water levels.4.5 Keywords.4.6 A list of references is given for additional information.5. Significance and Use5.1 Determining t
40、he potentiometric surface of an area isessential for the preliminary planning of any type ofconstruction, land use, environmental investigations, or reme-diation projects that may influence an aquifer.5.1.1 The potentiometric surface in the proposed impactedaquifer must be known to properly plan for
41、 the construction ofa water withdrawal or recharge facility, for example, a well.The method of construction of structures, such as buildings,can be controlled by the depth of the groundwater near theproject. Other projects built below land surface, such as minesand tunnels, are influenced by the hyd
42、raulic head.5.2 Monitoring the trend of the groundwater table in anaquifer over a period of time, whether for days or decades, isessential for any permanently constructed facility that directlyinfluences the aquifer, for example, a waste disposal site or aproduction well.5.2.1 Long-term monitoring h
43、elps interpret the directionand rate of movement of water and other fluids from rechargewells and pits or waste disposal sites. Monitoring also assists indetermining the effects of withdrawals on the stored quantity ofwater in the aquifer, the trend of the water table throughout theaquifer, and the
44、amount of natural recharge to the aquifer.5.3 This guide describes the basic tabular and graphicmethods of presenting groundwater levels for a single ground-water site and several sites over the area of a project. Thesemethods were developed by hydrologists to assist in theinterpretation of hydrauli
45、c-head data.5.3.1 The tabular methods help in the comparison of rawdata and modified numbers.5.3.2 The graphical methods visually display seasonaltrends controlled by precipitation, trends related to artificialwithdrawals from or recharge to the aquifer, interrelationshipof withdrawal and recharge s
46、ites, rate and direction of watermovement in the aquifer, and other events influencing theaquifer.5.4 Presentation techniques resulting from extensive com-putational methods, specifically the mathematical models andthe determination of aquifer characteristics, are contained inthe ASTM standards list
47、ed in Section 2.6. Selection and Preparation of Water-Level Data6.1 Measurement and recording of water levels should besubject to rigorous quality-control standards. Correct proce-dures must be followed and properly recorded in the field andthe office in order for the water table to represent that i
48、n theaquifer.6.1.1 Field quality controls include the use of an accurateand calibrated measuring device, a clearly marked and un-changing measuring point, an accurate determination of thealtitude of the measuring point for relating this site to othersites or facilities in the project area, notation
49、of climaticconditions at the time of measurement, such as barometricpressure or tide levels, a system of validating the water-levelmeasurement, and a straightforward record keeping form ordigital device.6.1.2 Recording devices must be checked regularly to en-sure that a malfunction has not occurred and that data is beingaccumulated and is in a usable form. Many permanentlyinstalled devices record water levels at fixed intervals, forexample every 15 min. Unless the device is designed to beactivated when sudden changes occur, events that cause aninstantaneous and short ter
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