1、Designation: D6000 96 (Reapproved 2008)D6000 15Standard Guide forPresentation of Water-Level Information from GroundwaterSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide covers and summarizes methods for the presentation of water-level data from groundwat
3、er sites.NOTE 1As used in this guide, a site is meant to be a single point, not a geographic area or property, located by an X,Y, and Z coordinate positionwith respect to land surface or a fixed datum. A groundwater site is defined as any source, location, or sampling station capable of producing wa
4、ter orhydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility can include a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel(nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, which can be
5、shown to behydraulically connected to the groundwater, are appropriate for the use intended.1.2 The study of the water table in aquifers helps in the interpretation of the amount of water available for withdrawal, aquifertests, movement of water through the aquifers, and the effects of natural and h
6、uman-induced forces on the aquifers.1.3 A single water level measured at a groundwater site gives the height of water at one vertical position in a well or boreholeat a finite instant in time. This is information that can be used for preliminary planning in the construction of a well or otherfacilit
7、ies, such as disposal pits.NOTE 2Hydraulic head measured within a short time from a series of sites at a common (single) horizontal location, for example, a speciallyconstructed multi-level test well, indicate whether the vertical hydraulic gradient may be upward or downward within or between the aq
8、uifer (see7.2.1).Hydraulic head can also be measured within a short time from a series of points, depths, or elevation at a common (single)horizontal location, for example, a specially constructed multi-level test well, indicates whether the vertical hydraulic gradient maybe upward or downward withi
9、n or between the aquifer.NOTE 1The phrases “short time period” and “finite instant in time” are used throughout this guide to describe the interval for measuring severalproject-related groundwater levels. Often the water levels of groundwater sites in an area of study do not change significantly in
10、a short time, for example,a day or even a week. Unless continuous recorders are used to document water levels at every groundwater site of the project, the measurement at eachsite, for example, use of a steel tape, will be at a slightly different time (unless a large staff is available for a coordin
11、ated measurement). The judgmentof what is a critical time period must be made by a project investigator who is familiar with the hydrology of the area.1.4 Where hydraulic heads are measured in a short period of time, for example, a day, from each of several horizontal locationswithin a specified dep
12、th range, or hydrogeologic unit, or identified aquifer, a potentiometric surface can be drawn for that depthrange, or unit, or aquifer. Water levels from different vertical sites at a single horizontal location may be averaged to a single valuefor the potentiometric surface when the vertical gradien
13、ts are small compared to the horizontal gradients.NOTE 4The potentiometric surface assists in interpreting the gradient and horizontal direction of movement of water through the aquifer. Phenomenasuch as depressions or sinks caused by withdrawal of water from production areas and mounds caused by na
14、tural or artificial recharge are illustrated bythese potentiometric maps.The potentiometric surface assists in interpreting the gradient and horizontal direction of movement of waterthrough the aquifer. Phenomena such as depressions or sinks caused by withdrawal of water from production areas and mo
15、undscaused by natural or artificial recharge are illustrated by these potentiometric maps.1.5 Essentially all water levels, whether in confined or unconfined aquifers, fluctuate over time in response to natural- andhuman-induced forces.NOTE 5The fluctuation of the water table at a groundwater site i
16、s caused by several phenomena. An example is recharge to the aquifer fromprecipitation. Changes in barometric pressure cause the water table to fluctuate because of the variation of air pressure on the groundwater surface, openbore hole, or confining sediment.Withdrawal of water from or artificial r
17、echarge to the aquifer should cause the water table to fluctuate in response. Eventssuch as rising or falling levels of surface water bodies (nearby streams and lakes), evapotranspiration induced by phreatophytic consumption, ocean tides,moon tides, earthquakes, and explosions cause fluctuation. Hea
18、vy physical objects that compress the surrounding sediments, for example, a passing train1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 1
19、5, 2008April 15, 2015. Published November 2008May 2015. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 19962008as D6000 96 (2008). (2002). DOI: 10.1520/D6000-96R08.10.1520/D6000_D6000M-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standa
20、rd an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM
21、is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1or car or even the sudden load effect of the starting of a nearby pump, can cau
22、se a fluctuation of the water table (1).2The fluctuation of the watertable at a groundwater site is caused by several phenomena. An example is recharge to the aquifer from precipitation. Changes inbarometric pressure cause the water table to fluctuate because of the variation of air pressure on the
23、groundwater surface, open borehole, or confining sediment. Withdrawal of water from or artificial recharge to the aquifer should cause the water table to fluctuatein response. Events such as rising or falling levels of surface water bodies (nearby streams and lakes), evapotranspiration inducedby phr
24、eatophytic consumption, ocean tides, moon tides, earthquakes, and explosions cause fluctuation. Heavy physical objects thatcompress the surrounding sediments, for example, a passing train or car or even the sudden load effect of the starting of a nearbypump, can cause a fluctuation of the water tabl
25、e (1).21.6 This guide covers several techniques developed to assist in interpreting the water table within aquifers. Tables and graphsare included.1.7 This guide includes methods to represent the water table at a single groundwater site for a finite or short period of time, asingle site over an exte
26、nded period, multiple sites for a finite or short period in time, and multiple sites over an extended period.1.8 This guide includes methods to represent the water table at a single groundwater site for a finite or short period of time, asingle site over an extended period, multiple sites for a fini
27、te or short period in time,does not include methods of calculating orestimating water levels by using mathematical models or determining the aquifer characteristics from data collected duringcontrolled aquifer tests. These methods are discussed in Guides D4043, D5447, and D5490multiple sites over, T
28、est MethodsD4044an, D4050extended, D4104period.,NOTE 6This guide does not include methods of calculating or estimating water levels by using mathematical models or determining the aquifercharacteristics from data collected during controlled aquifer tests. These methods are discussed in Guides D4043,
29、 D5447, and D5490, Test MethodsD4044, D4050, D4104, D4105, D4106, D4630, D4631, D5269, D5270, D5472, and D5473.D4105, D4106, D4630, D4631, D5269, D5270,D5472, and D5473.1.9 Many of the diagrams illustrated in this guide include notations to help the reader in understanding how these diagrams werecon
30、structed. These notations would not be required on a diagram designed for inclusion in a project document.NOTE 7Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.10 This guide covers a series of options, but does not specify a course o
31、f action. It should not be used as the sole criterionor basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieve professional judgment.1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to S
32、I units that are provided for information only and are not considered stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.12 This guide offers an org
33、anized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM
34、 standard is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that th
35、edocument has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field P
36、rocedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof AquifersD4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties ofAquifer SystemsD4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Tran
37、smissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by OverdampedWell Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)D4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky ConfinedAquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD4106 Test Metho
38、d for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky ConfinedAquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Constant Head Injecti
39、on Test2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards
40、Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D6000 152D4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements UsingPressure Pulse TechniqueD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
41、Well)(Withdrawn 2010)4D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring WellsD5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Ground-Water SiteD5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery MethodD5270 Test Method
42、for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined AquifersD5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site; Part OneAdditional Identification DescriptorsD5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Ground-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical Descr
43、iptorsD5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Ground-Water Site;Part ThreeUsage DescriptorsD5447 Guide for Application of a Groundwater Flow Model to a Site-Specific ProblemD5472 Test Method for Determining Specific Capacity and Estimating Transmissivity at the Control WellD5473 Test Meth
44、od for (Analytical Procedure for)Analyzing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well and Determiningthe Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity in a Nonleaky Confined AquiferD5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Groundwater InvestigationsD5490 Guide for Comparing Groundwater
45、 Flow Model Simulations to Site-Specific InformationD5609 Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions in Groundwater Flow Modeling3. Terminology3.1 All definitions appear in For common definitions of terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 aquifer, na geologic formation, group of formations
46、, or part of a formation that is saturated and is capable of providinga significant quantity of water. D653, D50923.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 groundwater siteas used in this guide, a site is meant to be a single point, not a geographic area or property, located byan X,Y,
47、 and Z coordinate position with respect to land surface or a fixed datum. A groundwater site is defined as any source,location, or sampling station capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below the surface of theearth. A source or facility can include a well, spring
48、 or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources,such as excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, which can be shown to be hydraulically connectedto the groundwater, are appropriate for the use intended.3.2.2 hydrograph, nfor groundwater, a
49、 graph showing the water level or head with respect to time (2).3.2.3 water level, nfor groundwater, the level of the water table surrounding a borehole or well. The groundwater level canbe represented as an elevation or as a depth below a physical marker on the well casing.3.3 aquitard, na confining bed that retards but does not prevent the flow of water to or from an adjacent aquifer; a leakyconfining bed. D6533.4 confined or artesian aquifer, nan aquifer bounded above and below by confining beds and in which the static head is abovethe top of the aquifer. D4050
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