1、Designation: D6006 17Standard Guide forAssessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers and provides information to assist inplanning a laboratory test or series of tests from which may beinferred information abou
3、t the biodegradability of an unusedfully formulated hydraulic fluid in its original form. Biode-gradability is one of three characteristics which are assessedwhen judging the environmental impact of a hydraulic fluid.The other two characteristics are ecotoxicity and bioaccumu-lation.1.2 Biodegradabi
4、lity may be considered by type of environ-mental compartment: aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine,aerobic soil, and anaerobic media. Test methods for aerobicfresh water, aerobic soil and anaerobic media have beendeveloped that are appropriate for the concerns and needs oftesting in each compartment.
5、1.3 This guide addresses releases to the environment thatare incidental to the use of a hydraulic fluid but is not intendedto cover situations of major, accidental release. The testsdiscussed in this guide take a minimum of three to four weeks.Therefore, issues relating to the biodegradability of hy
6、draulicfluid are more effectively addressed before the fluid is used,and thus before incidental release may occur. Nothing in thisguide should be taken to relieve the user of the responsibilityto properly use and dispose of hydraulic fluids.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstan
7、dard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appl
8、ica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5210 Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodeg-radation of Plastic Materials in the Presence of MunicipalSewage Sludge (Withdrawn 2016)3D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination ofCarbon, Hyd
9、rogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Productsand LubricantsD5480 Test Method for Engine Oil Volatility by Gas Chro-matography (Withdrawn 2003)3D5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Bio-degradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsE1196 Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodeg-radatio
10、n Potential of Organic Chemicals (Withdrawn1998)32.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9439:1990 Technical Corrigendum I, Water Quali-tyEvaluation in an Aqueous Medium of the UltimateBiodegradability of Organic Compounds4ISO 4259:1992(E) Petroleum ProductsDetermination andApplication of Precision Data in Relation t
11、o Methods ofTest42.3 OECD Standards:OECD 301B (the Modified Sturm Test) Guidelines forTesting Chemicals5OECD 301F (the Manometric Respirometry Test) Guide-lines for Testing of Chemicals53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Li
12、quid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.12 on Environmental Standards for Lubricants.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6006 11. DOI:10.1520/D6006-17.2For refe
13、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced o
14、nwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development(OECD), 2, rue Andr Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.*A Summary of Changes section
15、appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pri
16、nciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.1 aerobic, adj1. taking place in the presence ofoxygen; 2. living or active in the presence of oxygen.3.1.2 anaerobic, adj1. takin
17、g place in the absence ofoxygen; 2. living or active in the absence of oxygen.3.1.3 biodegradation, nthe process of chemical break-down or transformation of a material caused by organisms ortheir enzymes.3.1.3.1 DiscussionBiodegradation is only one mechanismby which materials are transformed in the
18、environment.3.1.4 biomass, nbiological material including any mate-rial other than fossil fuels which is or was a living organism orcomponent or product of a living organism.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn biology and environmental science,biomass is typically expressed as density of biological materialper uni
19、t sample volume, area, or mass (g biomass / g (or / mLor / cm2) sample); when used for products derived fromorganisms biomass is typically expressed in terms of mass (kg,MT, etc.) or volume (L, m3, bbl, etc.).3.1.4.2 DiscussionProducts of living organisms includethose materials produced directly by
20、living organisms asmetabolites (for example, ethanol, various carbohydrates andfatty acids), materials manufactured by processing livingorganisms (for example: pellets manufactured by shreddingand pelletizing plant material) and materials produced byprocessing living organisms, their components or m
21、etabolites(for example, transesterified oil; also called biodiesel).3.1.5 blank, nin biodegradability testing, a test systemcontaining all system components with the exception of the testsubstance.3.1.6 environmental compartment, na subdivision of theenvironment based on physical or chemical propert
22、ies, or both.3.1.6.1 DiscussionExamples of environmental compart-ments are aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine, and aerobic soil.The results of test procedures may be applied to environmentalcompartments but the test systems do not constitute an envi-ronmental compartment.3.1.7 inoculum, nspores, ba
23、cteria, single celledorganisms, or other live materials that are introduced into a testmedium.3.1.8 pre-adaptation, nthe pre-incubation of an inoculumin the presence of the test material under conditions similar tothe test conditions.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe aim of pre-adaptation is to im-prove the pre
24、cision of the test method by decreasing variabilityin the rate of biodegradation produced by the inoculum.Pre-adaptation may mimic the natural processes which causechanges in the microbial population of the inoculum leading tomore rapid biodegradation of the test material, but not to achange in the
25、final degree of biodegradation.3.1.9 primary biodegradation, ndegradation of the testsubstance resulting in a change in its physical or chemicalproperties, or both.3.1.10 primary biodegradation test, na test which followsthe disappearance of a test substance by measuring someattribute of the substan
26、ce.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThe extent to which the results of aprimary biodegradation test correspond to the biological con-version of the test substance will depend on the attribute whichis being measured.3.1.11 sonication, nthe act of subjecting a material to theshearing forces of high-frequency sound
27、waves.3.1.11.1 DiscussionSonication of a two phase liquid sys-tem may result in the dispersal of one phase as fine droplets inthe other phase.3.1.12 ultimate biodegradation, ndegradation achievedwhen a substance is totally utilized by microorganisms result-ing in the production of carbon dioxide (an
28、d possibly methanein the case of anaerobic biodegradation), water, inorganiccompounds, and new microbial cellular constituents (biomassor secretions, or both).3.1.13 ultimate biodegradation test, na test which esti-mates the extent to which the carbon in a product is convertedto CO2or methane, eithe
29、r directly, by measuring the produc-tion of CO2or methane, or, in the case of aerobicbiodegradation, indirectly by measuring the consumption ofO2.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe measurement of new biomassusually is not attempted.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide gives two kinds of information which relateto
30、testing of hydraulic fluids for biodegradability. First, it givesinformation of a general nature relating to biodegradability. Forexample, it includes definitions of terms not traditionally usedby users or producers of hydraulic fluids (Section 3) and a briefdiscussion of some of the technical issue
31、s which are commonto most biodegradability tests when they are applied tohydraulic fluids (Section 7). Second, the guide gives morespecific information on the methods, advantages, and disad-vantages of several of the biodegradation tests frequently usedfor hydraulic fluids (Section 6).5. Significanc
32、e and Use5.1 This guide discusses ways to assess the likelihood that ahydraulic fluid will undergo biodegradation if it enters anenvironment that is known to support biodegradation of somesubstances, for example the material used as the positivecontrol in the test. The information can be used in mak
33、ing orassessing claims of biodegradability of a fluid formula.5.2 Biodegradation occurs when a fluid interacts with theenvironment, and so the extent of biodegradation is a functionof both the chemical composition of the hydraulic fluid and thephysical, chemical, and biological status of the environ
34、ment atthe time the fluid enters it. This guide cannot assist in judgingthe status of a particular environment, so it is not meant toprovide standards for judging the persistence of a hydraulicfluid in any specific environment either natural or man-made.5.3 If any of the tests discussed in this guid
35、e gives a highresult, it implies that the hydraulic fluid will biodegrade andwill not persist in the environmental compartment beingconsidered. If a low result is obtained, it does not meannecessarily that the substance will not biodegrade in theenvironment, but does mean that further testing is req
36、uired if aD6006 172claim of biodegradability is to be made. Such testing mayinclude, but is not limited to, other tests mentioned in this guideor simulation tests for a particular environmental compartment.6. Test Methods6.1 Aerobic Fresh Water EnvironmentThe most com-monly performed tests cover aer
37、obic biodegradation in freshwater. The tests conducted for this compartment may beultimate biodegradation tests measuring CO2production orprimary biodegradation tests measuring the disappearance ofthe test fluid. The test medium is based on high-grade,carbon-free water. Some salts will be included a
38、s necessary formaintenance of solution pH and provision of trace mineralsnecessary for microbial life.6.1.1 The majority of ultimate biodegradation tests measureproduced CO2. Examples of test procedures for ultimatebiodegradability in an aerobic aquatic environment are: theModified Sturm Test (OECD
39、301B); the Manometric Re-spirometry Test (OECD 301F); the U.S. EPA Aerobic AquaticBiodegradation Test, which also is called the EPA Shake FlaskTest and was derived from the Gledhill Test (1);6Test MethodD5864; and the ISO Test 9439:1990. With the exception of TestMethod D5864, these tests were origi
40、nally designed for water-soluble pure compounds and so the test procedures allow someprocedural options that are not suitable for water-insolublesubstances, such as addition of the test substance in an aqueoussolution or calculation, rather than measurement, of carboncontent. In other tests, such as
41、 the Manometric RespirometryTest, oxygen consumption is measured as a surrogate for CO2production. Oxygen consumption is not a direct measure ofultimate biodegradation but is expected to correlate closelywith it. The procedures listed are screening tests suitable forlaboratory evaluation of the hydr
42、aulic fluid. Although all thetests referred to above specify that the length of the test is 28days, a high level of biodegradation in longer time frames canbe taken as evidence that the hydraulic fluid is ultimatelybiodegradable and nonpersistent in fresh water.6.1.1.1 If the biodegradability of a h
43、ydraulic fluid with anonnegligible vapor pressure is measured in any one of thesetests, except the OECD 301F, a false negative may result. Thehydraulic fluid could vaporize from the test solution beforeconversion to CO2. In this case a biodegradable fluid wouldhave a low measured percent theoretical
44、 CO2. If the aerobicaquatic biodegradability of a volatile hydraulic fluid is to bemeasured, the OECD 301F test should be used.6.1.2 Tests for primary biodegradation must be designed forspecific classes of test substances. The results of a primarybiodegradation test should not be considered equivale
45、nt to orsubstitutable for the results of an ultimate biodegradation test.6.1.2.1 The most commonly performed primary biodegra-dation test for lubricants is the CEC L-33-A-94 test, developedby the Coordinating European Council in the early 1980s andapproved by the CEC in 1993. This test, which was ca
46、lled theCEC L-33-T-82 test prior to approval, measures the IRabsorption spectrum of saturated carbons found in the testmaterials. It was designed specifically for two-stroke outboardengine lubricants; however, it is frequently used for measuringthe biodegradability of other lubricants. It is suitabl
47、e formeasuring the primary biodegradation of hydraulic fluids ifthey have methylene hydrogens (-CH2-) in their chemicalstructures. CEC results for some materials have been found tocorrelate with the results of ultimate biodegradation tests, butfor some substances results from the CEC L-33-A-94 testo
48、ver-predict ultimate biodegradability results (2, 3, 4, 5). Thetest is not suitable for either volatile or water soluble testmaterials.6.2 Aerobic Marine EnvironmentTests for oil biodegrada-tion in a marine environment are cited in the literature andOECD has published a standardized method, OECD 306
49、 (6).At the present time the standardized method has not beenwidely used, and there are significant uncertainties regardingthe test methods cited in literature. Each case must be exam-ined individually.6.2.1 The OECD 306 test method has two options for thetest procedure: the Shake Flask Method (which is not the sameas the U.S. EPA Shake Flask Test) and the Closed BottleMethod. The Shake Flask Method measures dissolved organiccarbon (DOC) and is not suitable for substances with low watersolubility (less the 2 mg/L). If poorly soluble substances aretested wi
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