ASTM D6007-2002 Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentration in Air from Wood Products Using a Small Scale Chamber《用小型室测定空气中来自木制品的甲醛浓度的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: D 6007 02Standard Test Method forDetermining Formaldehyde Concentration in Air from WoodProducts Using a Small Scale Chamber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas

2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentra-tions in air from wood products under

3、 defined test conditions oftemperature and relative humidity. Results obtained from thissmall-scale chamber test method are intended to be comparableto results obtained testing larger product samples by the largechamber test method for wood products, Test Method E 1333.The results may be correlated

4、to values obtained from TestMethod E 1333. The quantity of formaldehyde in an air samplefrom the small chamber is determined by a modification of theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. Other analytical pro-cedures may be used to determi

5、ne the quantity of formaldehydein the air sample provided that such methods give resultscomparable to those obtained by using the chromotropic acidprocedure. However, the test results and test report must beproperly qualified and the analytical procedure employed mustbe accurately described.1.2 The

6、wood-based panel products to be tested by this testmethod are characteristically used for different applicationsand are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios toreflect different applications. This is a test method that specifiestesting at various loading ratios for different product

7、 types.However, the test results and test report must be properlyqualified and must specify the make-up air flow, samplesurface area, and chamber volume.1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing areproducts relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde releasecharacteristics. Still, produc

8、t inhomogeneities must be consid-ered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scalechamber testing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard values.Any values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any

9、, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration2D 5197 Tes

10、t Method for Determination of Formaldehydeand Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active SamplerMethodology)2D 5221 Test Method for Continuous Measurement of Form-aldehyde in Air2E 77 Test Methods for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometers3E 220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-pari

11、son Techniques3E 337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet-Bulb and Dry-BulbTemperatures)2E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method4E 741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by Means

12、of Tracer Gas Dilution5E 1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Con-centrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood ProductsUnder Defined Test Conditions Using a Large Chamber62.2 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development(HUD) Standards:24 CFR 3280, Manufactured Home Construction and S

13、afetyStandards72.3 NIOSH Standard:3500 Formaldehyde Method82.4 Other Documents:Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495, 325f.18, and 325F.181Formaldehyde Gases in Building Materials91This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D

14、07.03 on Panel Products.Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published June 2002. Originallypublished as D 6007 - 96. Last previous edition D 6007 - 96.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.5Annual Book of AS

15、TM Standards, Vol 04.11.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.7Federal Register, Vol 49, No. 155, Aug. 8, 1984, available from Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop:SDE, Washington, DC 20401.8U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1989,

16、available from Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop:SDE, Washington, DC 20401.9Available from Print Communications, Dept. of Administration, 117 UniversityAve., St. Paul, MN 55155.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C

17、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 air change rate, N (N is equal to Q/V)the ratio ofconditioned and filtered air that enters or is replaced in thesmall chamber in one hour divided by the interior volume ofthe s

18、mall chamber, air changes per hour (ACH).3.1.2 equilibrium concentration, Ceqis that Csmeasuredwhen Qequals zero, ppm.3.1.3 loading ratio, L(L is equal to A/V) the total exposedsurface area, excluding panel edges, of the product being testeddivided by the test chambers interior volume, m2/m3.3.1.4 m

19、ake-up air flow, Qthe quantity of conditioned andfiltered air fed into the chamber per unit time, m3/h.3.1.5 mass transfer coeffcient, Ka measure of the perme-ability of the emitting surface of a wood based panel product,m/h. Kis calculated as follows:10K 5Q/A!Cs!Ceq2 Cs!(1)3.1.6 N/L ratio(N/L is eq

20、uivalent to Q/A) the ratio of airflow through the chamber to sample surface area, m/h, asfollows:N/L 5Q/VA/V5 Q/V! 3 V/A! 5 Q/A (2)3.1.7 Q/A ratiothe ratio of air flow through the chamber(Q) to sample surface area ( A), m/h.3.1.8 sample surface area, Athe total area of all samplefaces exposed in the

21、 chamber, m2.3.1.9 steady state concentration, Csthe interval when theformaldehyde concentration is not changing with time (ex-pressed in parts of formaldehyde per million parts air (ppm)under the defined environmental test parameters.3.1.10 volume of closed system, Vthe interior volume ofthe test c

22、hamber, m3.4. Significance and Use4.1 Limitations on formaldehyde levels have been estab-lished for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes orused as components in kitchen cabinets and similar industrialproducts. This test method is inten

23、ded for use in conjunctionwith the test method referenced by HUD Rules and Regula-tions 24 CFR 3280 for manufactured housing and by Minne-sota Statutes Section 144.495 for housing units and buildingmaterials. This test method provides a means of testing smallersamples and reduces the time required f

24、or testing.4.2 Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by thissmall-scale method may differ from expected in full-scaleindoor environments. Variations in product loading, tempera-ture, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formalde-hyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air formalde

25、hydeconcentrations.4.3 This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02to1m3in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentrationin air using the following controlled conditions:4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the testchamber,4.3.3

26、 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and4.3.5 Air circulation within the chamber.5. Interferences5.1 The NIOSH 3500 analytical method lists phenols as anegative interference when present at an 8:1 excess overformaldehyde. Modifications in the analytical procedure shal

27、lbe made when relatively high phenol to formaldehyde concen-trations (8:1) are anticipated.11,126. Apparatus6.1 Test ChamberThe interior volume of the small cham-ber shall be from 0.02 to 1 m3. The interior of the test chambershall be free of refrigeration coils that condense water anditems such as

28、humidifiers with water reservoirs since water hasthe potential for collecting formaldehyde and thus influencingtest results. The interior surfaces of the small chamber,including any sample support system, shall be a nonadsorbentmaterial. Stainless steel, aluminum, and polytetrafluoroethyl-ene (PTFE)

29、 have been found appropriate as chamber liningmaterials. All joints except for doors used for loading andunloading specimens should be sealed. Doors shall be self-sealing.6.2 Make-Up Air:6.2.1 The make-up air shall come from a filtered dust-freeenvironment and contain not more than 0.02 ppm of forma

30、l-dehyde. This can be accomplished by passing make-up airthrough a filter bed of activated carbon, activated aluminaimpregnated with potassium permanganate, or other materialscapable of absorbing, or oxidizing formaldehyde.6.2.2 Make-up air for the chamber must pass through acalibrated air flow meas

31、uring device.6.2.3 Air CirculationLow speed mixing fans or multi-portinlet and outlet diffusers are two techniques that have beenused successfully to ensure mixing of the chamber air over allsample surfaces.6.2.4 Air Sampling PortThe exhaust flow (that is, cham-ber outlet) is normally used as the sa

32、mpling point, althoughseparate sampling ports in the chamber can be used. Thesampling system shall be constructed of a material to minimizeadsorption (for example, glass, stainless steel), and the systemshould be maintained at the same temperature as the testchambers.6.3 Examples of acceptable reage

33、nts, materials, and equip-ment are provided in Appendix X1.10Christensen, R. L., and Anderson, W. H., Measuring Formaldehyde Concen-trations Using a Small Scale Chamber, Proceedings 23rd InternationalParticleboard/Composite Materials Symposium, W.S.U., 1989.11Hakes, D., Johnson, G., and Marhevka, J.

34、, Procedure for Elimination ofPhenol Interference in the Chromotropic Acid Method for Formaldehyde, AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association, April 1984.12Technical Bulletin No. 415, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air andStream Improvement Inc. (NCASI), 1983.D60070227. Hazards7.1 Chromotro

35、pic Acid Reagent Treatment(See 10.3.4and 10.3.5.) During this hazardous operation, the operator mustwear rubber gloves, apron, and a full face mask or be protectedfrom splashing by a transparent shield such as a hood window.The solution becomes extremely hot during addition of sulfuricacid. If acid

36、is not added slowly, some loss of sample couldoccur due to splattering.7.2 Cleaning Chemicals for Glassware Use appropriateprecautions if cleaning chemicals are considered to be hazard-ous.8. Test Specimens8.1 Standard Face and Back ConfigurationLoading (L orA/V) is defined as the total exposed spec

37、imen surface area,excluding edge area, divided by the chamber volume. Alumi-num tape shall be used to cover the edges of the specimens ifthe edge exposure is greater than 5 % of the surface area,thereby retarding formaldehyde emission from the edge. TheQ/A ratios in Table 1 are used for testing wood

38、 panel productscontaining formaldehyde. Each small chamber will have aunique value for the make-up air flow (Q) dependent on thesample surface area used, and the type of product tested.8.2 Nonstandard Sample Configuration Testing Productswith Single Surface ExposedSome products have signifi-cantly d

39、ifferent formaldehyde release characteristics for eachsurface. In those cases, panels may be tested back-to-back withedges taped together. The panels shall be identified as tested inthe back-to-back mode.8.3 Combination TestingDifferent products may be testedin combination. Qualify the test report a

40、nd note the Q/A ratioused.9. Sample Material Handling and Specimen Conditioning9.1 HandlingMaterials selected for testing shall bewrapped in polyethylene plastic having a minimum thicknessof 0.15 mm (6 mil) until sample conditioning is initiated. Whentesting wood products that are not newly manufact

41、ured such asafter original application, installation or use, the method ofpackaging and shipping the products for testing shall be fullydescribed. Information on the age and history of the productshall be detailed in the test report.9.2 ConditioningCondition test specimens with a mini-mum distance o

42、f 0.15 m (6 in.) between each specimen for 2 h6 15 min at conditions of 24 6 3C (75 6 5F) and 50 6 5%relative humidity. The formaldehyde concentration in the airwithin 0.3 m (12 in.) of where panels are conditioned shall benot more than 0.1 ppm during the conditioning period. Alter-native conditioni

43、ng intervals may give better correlation, suchas seven day conditioning that parallels Test Method E 1333.10. Procedure10.1 Test Procedure for Materials:10.1.1 Purge the chamber by running empty or with the useof filters designed to reduce the formaldehyde backgroundconcentration in air, or both. Th

44、e formaldehyde backgroundconcentration in air of the empty operating chamber shall notexceed 0.02 ppm. Clean chamber surfaces with water orsuitable solvent if formaldehyde background concentrationsapproach 0.02 ppm.10.1.2 Locate the specimens in the chamber so that theconditioned air stream circulat

45、es over all panel surfaces.10.1.3 Operate the chamber at 25 6 1C (776 2F) and 506 4 % relative humidity. Record the temperature, relativehumidity, and barometric pressure during the testing period.Conduct the chamber test at a given Q/A ratio and record thisratio in the report.10.1.4 Specimens remai

46、n in the operating chamber until asteady state formaldehyde concentration is reached. The timemay be estimated using the following equation:t 521n 12Ct/Cs!VQ 1 KA(3)where:t = time to any percent of Csless than 100 % (such as99.9999999999, and so forth),Ct= concentration at time, t,Cs= steady state f

47、ormaldehyde concentration,A = product surface area, m2,V = chamber volume, m3,K = mass transfer coefficient, m/h, and1n = negative natural log.It is necessary to know the range of K for the productinvolved. If K is unknown, a conservative estimate based onthe literature may be used.10Alternatively,

48、back to back airtests giving replicate values within the error of the analyticalmethod may be used.10.2 Air SamplingPurge air sampling lines for 1 min. Atthe sampling station, bubble air through a single impingercontaining 20 mL of a 1 % sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) solu-tion. A filter trap may be plac

49、ed between the impinger and theflowmeter. Set a calibrated flowmeter to maintain an averageairflow of 1 6 0.05 L/min for 30 min with time measuredaccurately to within 5 s. Following air sampling, analyze thecollection solution.10.3 Analysis of Air Samples:10.3.1 Pipet 4 mL of the NaHSO3solution from the im-pinger into each of three 16 by 150-mm screwcap test tubes fortriplicate analysis of each impinger sample.10.3.2 Pipet 4 mL of 1 % NaHSO3into a 16 by 150-mmscrewcap test tube to act as a reagent blank.10.3.3 Add 0.1 mL of 1 % chromotropic acid reagent