1、Designation: D 6023 02Standard Test Method forUnit Weight, Yield, Cement Content, and Air Content(Gravimetric) of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6023; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This test method explains determination of the mass percubic foot (cubic
3、 meter) of freshly mixed Controlled LowStrength Material (CLSM) and gives formulas for calculatingthe yield, cement content, and the air content of the CLSM.This test method is based on Test Method C 138 for Concrete.NOTE 1Unit Weight is the traditional terminology used to describe theproperty deter
4、mined by this test method. The proper term is density. It hasalso been termed unit mass or bulk density. To be compatible withterminology used in the concrete industry, unit weight is referenced in thistest method.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant
5、digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thiss
6、tandard is beyond its scope.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound equivalents are shown for informa-tion only.1.4 CLSM is also known as flowable fill, controlled densityfill, soil-cement slurry, soil-cement grout, unshrinkable fill,“K-Krete,” and other simil
7、ar names.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Ref
8、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 29/C29M Test Method for Unit Weight and Voids inAggregate2C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregates2C 128 Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption ofFine Aggregates2C 138 Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield and Air Content(Gravimetric)
9、of Concrete2C 150 Specification for Portland Cement2C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the Pressure Method2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids3D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil an
10、d Rockas used in Engineering Design and Construction3D 4832 Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Con-trolled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Test Cylinders3D 5971 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ControlledLow Strength Material4D 6024 Test Method for the Ball Drop on Controlled LowStrength Mat
11、erial (CLSM) to Determine Suitability forLoad Application4D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data4D 6103 Test Method for Flow Consistency of ControlledLow Strength Material (CLSM)43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this standard,refer to Terminology C
12、 125 and D 653.3.1.1 Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM), namixture of soil or aggregates, cementitious material, fly ash,water, and sometimes chemical admixtures, that hardens into amaterial with a higher strength than the soil, but less than 8400kPa (1200 psi).3.1.1.1 DiscussionUsed as a repla
13、cement for compactedbackfill, CLSM can be placed as a slurry, a mortar, or acompacted material and typically has strengths of 350 to 700kPa (50 to 100 psi) for most applications.3.1.2 mass, nthe quantity of matter in a body. (Seeweight.)3.1.2.1 DiscussionUnits of mass are the kilogram (kg),the pound
14、 (lb) or units derived from these. Masses are1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization withAdmixtures.Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originallypublished
15、 as PS 29 95. Last previous edition D 602396.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
16、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Spared by weighing the bodies, which amounts to compar-ing the forces of gravitation acting on them.3.1.3 weight, nthe force exerted on a body by gravity. (seemass.)3.1.3.1 DiscussionWeight is equal to the mass of the bodymultiplied by the acceleration du
17、e to gravity. Weight may beexpressed in absolute units (newtons, poundals) or in gravita-tional units (kgf, lbf). Since weight is equal to mass times theacceleration due to gravity, the weight of a body will vary withthe location where the weight is determined, while the mass ofthe body remains cons
18、tant. On the surface of the earth, theforce of gravity imparts to a body that is free to fall anacceleration of approximately 9.81 m/s2(32.2 ft/s2).3.1.4 yieldthe volume of CLSM produced from a mixtureof known quantities of the component materials.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The density of the CLSM
19、 is determined by filling ameasure with CLSM, determining the mass, and calculating thevolume of the measure. The density is then calculated bydividing the mass by the volume. The yield, cement content,and the air content of the CLSM is calculated based on themasses and volumes of the batch componen
20、ts.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides the user with a procedure tocalculate the density of freshly mixed CLSM for determinationof compliance with specifications, for determining mass/volume relationships or conversions such as those found inpurchase agreements, and also for quality
21、 control purposes.5.2 This test method is intended to assist the user for qualitycontrol purposes and when specified to determine compliancefor air content, yield, and cement content of freshly mixedCLSM.5.3 This test method is not meant to predict the air contentof hardened CLSM, which may be eithe
22、r higher or lower thanthat determined by this test method.5.4 This test is one of a series of quality control tests thatcan be performed on CLSM during construction to monitorcompliance with specification requirements. The other teststhat can be used during construction control are Test MethodsD 483
23、2, D 6024, and D 6103NOTE 2The qulaity of the results produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand obj
24、ective testing/sampling/inspection/ and the like. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA
25、balance or scale accurate to within 0.3 % ofthe test load at any point within the range of use. The range ofuse shall be considered to extend from the mass of the measureempty to the mass of the measure plus the CLSM.6.2 Filling ApparatusScoop, bucket or pail of sufficientcapacity to facilitate fill
26、ing the measure in a rapid, efficientmanner.6.3 Sampling and Mixing Receptacle The receptacle shallbe a suitable container, wheelbarrow, and the like of sufficientcapacity to allow easy sampling and remixing of the CLSM.6.4 MeasureA cylindrical container made of steel or othersuitable metal (Note 3)
27、. It shall be watertight and sufficientlyrigid to retain its form and calibrated volume under roughusage. Measures that are machined to accurate dimensions onthe inside and provided with handles are preferred. All mea-sures, except for measuring bowls of air meters shall conformto the requirements o
28、f Test Method C 29/C 29M. The mini-mum capacity of the measure shall conform to the require-ments of Table 1. When measuring bowls of air meters areused, they shall conform to the requirements of Test MethodC 231. The top rim of the air meter bowls shall be smooth andplane within 0.01 in. (0.25 mm)
29、(Note 4).NOTE 3The metal should not be readily subject to attack by cementpaste. However, reactive materials such as aluminum alloys may be usedin instances where, as a consequence of an initial reaction, a surface filmis rapidly formed which protects the metal against further corrosion.NOTE 4The to
30、p rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.01-in. (0.25-mm)feeler gage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of14 in. (6 mm)or thicker plate glass laid over the top of the measure.6.5 Strike-Off PlateA flat rectangular metal plate at least14 in. (6 mm) thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least12
31、 in. (12mm) thick with a length and width at least 2 in. (50 mm)greater than the diameter of the measure with which it is to beused. The edges of the plate shall be straight and smooth withina tolerance of116 in. (1.5 mm).6.6 Calibration EquipmentA piece of plate glass, prefer-ably at least14 in. (6
32、 mm) thick and at least 1 in. (25 mm)larger than the diameter of the measure to be calibrated. A thinfilm of vacuum, water pump or chassis grease smeared on theflange of the bowl will make a watertight joint between theglass plate and the top of the bowl.7. Sample7.1 Obtain the sample for freshly mi
33、xed CLSM in accor-dance with Practice D 5971.7.2 The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to200 % of the quantity required to fill the measure.8. Calibration of Measure8.1 Calibrate the measure and determine the calibrationfactor (1/volume), following the procedure outlined in TestMethod C
34、29/C 29M.NOTE 5For the calculation of unit weight, the volume of the measurein acceptable metric units should be expressed in cubic metres, or thefactor as 1/m3. However, for convenience the size of the measure may beexpressed in liters.TABLE 1 Minimum Capacity of MeasureNominal Maximum Size of Coar
35、seAggregateACapacity of Measure, minBin. mm ft3L1 25.0 0.2 6112 37.5 0.4 112 50 0.5 14AAggregate of a given nominal maximum size may contain up to 10 % ofparticles retained on the sieve referred to.BTo provide for wear, measures may be up to 5 % smaller than indicated in thistable.D60230228.2 Measur
36、es shall be recalibrated at least once a year orwhenever there is reason to question the accuracy of thecalibration.9. Procedure9.1 Place the measure on a level, rigid, horizontal surfacefree from vibration and other disturbances.9.2 Placing the CLSM:9.2.1 Start this procedure within 5 min after obt
37、aining thesample of CLSM and complete as expeditiously as possible.9.2.2 Thoroughly mix the sample of CLSM in the samplingand mixing receptacle to ensure uniformity.9.2.3 With the filling apparatus, scoop through the centerportion of the sample and pour the CLSM into the measure.Repeat until the mea
38、sure is full.9.3 On completion of filling, the measure shall not containa substantial excess or deficiency of CLSM. An excess ofCLSM protruding approximately18 in. (3 mm) above the topof the mold is optimum. To correct a deficiency, add a smallquantity of CLSM.9.4 Strike-OffAfter filling, strike-off
39、 the top surface of theCLSM and finish it smoothly with the flat strike-off plate usinggreat care to leave the measure just level full. The strike-off isbest accomplished by pressing the strike-off plate on the topsurface of the measure to cover about two thirds of the surfaceand withdrawing the pla
40、te with a sawing motion to finish onlythe area originally covered. Then place the plate on the top ofthe measure to cover the original two thirds of the surface andadvance it with a vertical pressure and a sawing motion tocover the whole surface of the measure. Several final strokeswith the inclined
41、 edge of the plate will produce a smoothfinished surface.9.5 Cleaning and Mass Measurement After strike-off,clean all excess CLSM from the exterior of the measure anddetermine the gross mass of the CLSM in the measure to anaccuracy consistent with the requirements of 6.1.10. Calculation10.1 DensityC
42、alculate the mass of the CLSM inmegagrams or grams (pounds) by subtracting the mass of themeasure from the gross mass. Calculate the density, W,bymultiplying the mass of the CLSM by the calibration factor forthe measure determined in 8.1.10.2 YieldCalculate the yield as follows:Yfft3! 5 W1/W (1)or,Y
43、 yd3! 5 W1/27W! (2)Y m3! 5 W1/W (3)or,where:Yf= volume of CLSM produced per batch, ft3,Y = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(ft3),W = density of CLSM, kg/m3(lb/ft3), andW1= total mass of all materials batched, kg (lb) (Note 6).NOTE 6The total mass of all materials batched is the sum of themasses of
44、 the cement, the fly ash, the filler aggregate in the condition used,the mixing water added to the batch, and any other solid or liquidmaterials used.10.3 Relative YieldRelative yield is the ratio of the actualvolume of CLSM obtained to the volume as designed for thebatch calculated as follows:Ry5 Y
45、/Yd(4)where:Ry= relative yield,Y = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(yd3), andYd= volume of CLSM which the batch was designed toproduce, m3(yd3).NOTE 7A value for Rygreater than 1.00 indicates an excess of CLSMbeing produced whereas a value less than this indicates the batch to be“short” of its des
46、igned volume.10.4 Cement Content (Note 8)Calculate the actual cementcontent as follows:N 5 Nt/Y (5)where:N = actual cement content kg/m3(lb/yd3),Nt= mass of cement in the batch, kg (lb), andY = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(yd3).NOTE 8In determining cement content on CLSMs that contain ClassC f
47、ly ash, the actual mass of Class C fly ash shall be added to the mass ofcement.10.5 Air ContentCalculate the air content as follows:A 5 T 2 W!/T# 3 100 (6)or,A 5 Yf2 V!/Yf# 3 100 inch2pound units! (7)or,A 5 Y 2 V!/Y# 3 100 SI units! (8)where:A = air content (percentage of voids) in the CLSM,T = theo
48、retical density of the CLSM computed on an airfree basis, kg/m3(lb/ft3) (Note 7),W = density of CLSM, kg/m3(lb/ft3),Yf= volume of CLSM produced per batch, ft3,V = total absolute volume of the component ingredients inthe batch, ft3or m3, andY = volume CLSM produced per batch, m3(yd3).NOTE 9The theore
49、tical density is, customarily, a laboratory determi-nation, the value for which is assumed to remain constant for all batchesmade using identical component ingredients and proportions. It is calcu-lated from the following equation:T 5 W1/V (9)The absolute volume of each ingredient in cubic feet is equal to thequotient of the mass of that ingredient divided by the product of itsspecific gravity times 62.4. The absolute volume of each ingredient incubic meters is equal to the mass of the ingredient in kilograms divided by1000 tim
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