1、Designation: D6033 16Standard Guide forDescribing the Functionality of a Groundwater ModelingCode1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6033; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide presents a systematic approach to the classi-fication and description of computer codes used in groundwatermodeling. Due
3、 to the complex nature of fluid flow and bioticand chemical transport in the subsurface, many different typesof groundwater modeling codes exist, each having specificcapabilities and limitations. Determining the most appropriatecode for a particular application requires a thorough analysis ofthe pro
4、blem at hand and the required and available resources,as well as a detailed description of the functionality ofpotentially applicable codes.1.2 Typically, groundwater modeling codes are non-parameterized mathematical descriptions of the causal relation-ships among selected components of the aqueous
5、subsurfaceand the chemical and biological processes taking place in thesesystems. Many of these codes focus on the presence andmovement of water, dissolved chemical species and biota,either under fully or partially saturated conditions, or acombination of these conditions. Other codes handle the joi
6、ntmovement of water and other fluids, either as a gas or anonaqueous phase liquid, or both, and the complex phasetransfers that might take place between them. Some codeshandle interactions between the aqueous subsurface (forexample, a groundwater system) and other components of thehydrologic system
7、or with nonaqueous components of theenvironment.1.3 The classification protocol is based on an analysis of themajor function groups present in groundwater modeling codes.Additional code functions and features may be identified indetermining the functionality of a code. A description of acodes functi
8、onality contains the details necessary to under-stand the capabilities and potential use of a groundwatermodeling code. Tables are provided with explanations andexamples of functions and function groups for selected types ofcodes. Consistent use of the descriptions provided in theclassification prot
9、ocol and elaborate functionality analysisform the basis for efficient code selection.1.4 Although groundwater modeling codes exist for simu-lation of many different groundwater systems, one may en-counter situations where existing code is available or appli-cable. In those cases, the systematic desc
10、ription of modelingneeds may be based on the methodology presented in thisguide.1.5 This guide is one of a series of guides on groundwatermodeling codes and their applications, such as Guides D5447,D5490, D5609, D5610, D5611, and D5718.1.6 Full adherence to this guide may not be feasible. Forexample
11、, research developments may result in new types ofcodes not yet described in this guide. In those cases, codedocumentation should contain a section containing a fulldescription of a codes functions, features, and capabilities.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of
12、 options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replac
13、e the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM conse
14、nsus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5447 Guide for Application of a Groundwater Flow Modelto a Site-Specific ProblemD5490 Guide for Comparing Groundwater Flow Model1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee
15、D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6033 96 (2008) DOI:10.1520/D6033-16.2For referen
16、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrigh
17、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Simulations to Site-Specific InformationD5609 Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions in Ground-water Flow ModelingD5610 Guide for Defining Initial Conditions in GroundwaterFlow ModelingD5611 Gui
18、de for Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis for aGroundwater Flow Model ApplicationD5718 Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Flow ModelApplication3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common terms used inthis guide, see Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1
19、 analytical model, na model that uses closed formsolutions to the governing equations applicable to groundwaterflow and transport processes.3.2.2 backtracking model, nan application of a math-ematical model for determining groundwater system stressesand boundary conditions when the system parameters
20、 areknown and the system responses are either known or bounded.3.2.3 groundwater modeling code, nthe nonparameterizedcomputer code used in groundwater modeling to represent anonunique, simplified mathematical description of the physicalframework, geometry, active processes, and boundary condi-tions
21、present in a reference subsurface hydrologic system.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe term non-parameterized computercode refers to a generalized computer program in which valuesof parameters can be specified by the user.3.2.4 heat transport model, nin groundwater modeling, anapplication of a mathematical model
22、 to represent the move-ment of heat or energy in a groundwater system.3.2.5 inverse model, nin groundwater modeling, an appli-cation of a mathematical model designed for evaluatinggroundwater system parameters and stresses by minimizing thedifferences between computed and observed system responses.3
23、.2.5.1 DiscussionThe term inverse model refers in gen-eral to a numerical code that incorporates a systematic,automated procedure to minimize the differences betweenobserved and computed system responses. This type of modelalso is known as a parameter estimation model or parameteridentification mode
24、l. Typically, these models are based onnumerical simulation of the groundwater system. Aquifer testand tracer test analysis software are often based on analyticalmodels of the groundwater system. Since they include auto-mated procedures to estimate the system parameters, they canbe considered invers
25、e models.3.2.6 numerical model, nin groundwater modeling, amodel that uses mathematical methods to solve the governingequations of the applicable problem.3.2.7 prediction model, nan application of a mathematicalmodel designed for predicting groundwater system responses,assuming the system parameters
26、 are known.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThese models are based on a so-calledforward or direct mathematical formulation of the physicalprocesses.3.2.8 solute transport model, nin groundwater modeling,the application of a mathematical model to represent themovement of chemical species dissolved in groundwater.4
27、. Significance and Use4.1 Groundwater modeling is an important methodology insupport of the planning and decision-making processes in-volved in groundwater management. Groundwater modelsprovide an analytical framework for obtaining an understand-ing of the mechanisms and controls of groundwater syst
28、emsand the processes that influence their quality, especially thosecaused by human intervention in such systems. Increasingly,models are an integral part of water resources assessment,protection and restoration studies, and provide needed andcost-effective support for planning and screening of alter
29、nativepolicies, regulations, and engineering designs affecting ground-water.34.2 There are many different groundwater modeling codesavailable, each with their own capabilities, operationalcharacteristics, and limitations. If modeling is considered for aproject, it is important to determine if a part
30、icular code isappropriate for that project, or if a code exists that can performthe simulations needed for the project.4.3 In practice, it is often difficult to determine thecapabilities, operational characteristics, and limitations of aparticular groundwater modeling code from thedocumentation, or
31、even impossible without actual running thecode for situations relevant to the project for which a code is tobe selected due to incompleteness, poor organization, orincorrectness of a codes documentation.44.4 Systematic and comprehensive description of a codesfeatures based on an informative classifi
32、cation provides thenecessary basis for efficient selection of a groundwater mod-eling code for a particular project or for the determination thatno code exists. This guide is intended to encourage correctness,consistency, and completeness in the description of thefunctions, capabilities, and limitat
33、ions of an existing ground-water modeling code through the formulation of a codeclassification system and the presentation of code descriptionguidelines.5. Classification of Groundwater Modeling Codes5.1 There are many groundwater modeling codes availabledesigned to simulate, describe, or analyze di
34、fferent types of3National Research Council (NRC), Committee on Ground-Water ModelingAssessment, Water Science and Technology Board, “Ground-water Models: Scien-tific and Regulatory Applications,” National Academy Press, Washington, DC,1990.4van der Heijde, P. K. M., and Kanzer, D. A., “Ground-water
35、Model Testing:Systematic Evaluation and Testing of Code Functionality, Performance, andApplicability to Practical Problems,” EPA/600/R-97/007, R.S. Kerr EnvironmentalResearch Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma,1997.D6033 162groundwater systems and problems. The descripti
36、ve informa-tion of such software can be divided in three groups.55.1.1 General Software Information, includes such items ascode name, version number, and release date of currentversion; development team; supported computer platform(s)and requirements; software language(s) and requirements;availabili
37、ty conditions and distributors; and software supportand maintenance;5.1.2 Simulation System Information, refers to descriptionsof the nature of the systems that can be simulated, the methodof simulation, the computed variables, and the required modelinput; and,5.1.3 Performance Evaluation Informatio
38、n, including theresults of code verification, analysis of the sensitivity of thedependent variable for natural variations in system controls andsystem parameters (that is, system input), and listing ofoperational limitations.5.2 To describe systematically the features of groundwatermodeling codes, a
39、 classification is used based on simulationsystem information (see Table 1). Three primary categories ofcode features can be distinguished as follows:55.2.1 The (design) purpose(s) or objective(s) of the soft-ware;5.2.2 The nature of the groundwater system that can besimulated with the software; and
40、,5.2.3 The mathematical framework.5.3 Objective-Oriented Classification5(see Table 1):5.3.1 The purpose or objective of a groundwater modelingcode can be defined in terms of the applicability of the code tocertain types of groundwater management problems, the codesfunctional use, or its computationa
41、l output.5.3.2 Management objectives may include requirements,such as type of problems which may be simulated, type ofcalculations and level of resolution required, acceptableaccuracy, representation of specific management strategies, andother technical, scientific, social, and economic objectives.
42、Ingeneral, however, it is not practical to develop a standardclassification and description system based on such manage-ment objectives, as these are taken more easily into account inthe code selection process than in the code documentationphase.5.3.3 By design, a codes functional-use objectives may
43、 beone or more of the following:5.3.3.1 To enable evaluation of a new theory and relatedhypotheses as part of research;5.3.3.2 To be used as a tool in education and demonstrationof principles;5.3.3.3 To be used as a generic tool for groundwater systemcharacterization;5.3.3.4 To be used as a generic
44、tool for engineering design(for example, well fields, excavations, remedial actions, and soforth);5.3.3.5 To be used as a site- or problem-dedicated tool(including site- or problem-specific data); and,5.3.3.6 To be used as a generic or dedicated tool for policyor management strategy screening.5.3.4
45、A classification based on computational output in-cludes the following categories:5.3.4.1 Screening or Ranking ModelsFacilitating qualita-tive evaluation of relative merits and disadvantages of variousmanagement or engineering alternatives;5.3.4.2 Prediction ModelsPredicting system responses,assumin
46、g the system parameters (for example, hydraulicconductivity, storativity) and system stresses (for example,boundary conditions) are known (that is, independent fieldinformation); the most common variables computed by predic-tion models are hydraulic head, drawdown, pressure, velocity(vector), fluid
47、flux (vector), stream- or pathlines, isochrones,contaminant fronts, contaminant concentration (in both liquidand solid phase), solute flux (vector), temperature, enthalpy,heat flux (vector), location of (saltwater/freshwater) interface,water balance, and chemical mass balance.5.3.4.3 Backtracking Mo
48、delsDetermining system stressesand boundary conditions when the system parameters areknown (from observation) and the system responses are eitherknown or bounded, used to determine, among others, locationand duration of a contaminant release, to reconstruct well-fieldpumping history, or to estimate
49、aquifer recharge rates.5van der Heijde, P. K. M., and Elnawawy, O.A., “QualityAssurance and QualityControl in the Development and Application of Ground-water Models,” EPA/600/R-93/011, R. S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Ada, OK, 1992.D6033 163TABLE 1 Classification Categories for Groundwater ModelingSoftware6Code Design ObjectivesApplicability of the software to certain types of groundwater managementproblemsCalculated variables:Screening/rankingPredictionBacktrackingInverse or parameter estimationOptimizationFu
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