ASTM D6039 D6039M-2002 Standard Specification for Crates Wood Open and Covered.pdf

1、Designation: D 6039/D 6039M 02Standard Specification forCrates, Wood, Open and Covered1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6039/D 6039M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A

2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers five types and two styles

3、ofopen and one type, and one style of covered wood cratesdesigned for net loads not exceeding 4000 lb 1814 kg. Opencrates are suitable for shipment of items, which are not readilysusceptible to damage from outside forces, and which requireonly limited protection against the elements.1.2 If environme

4、ntal protection is necessary, use of a shroudor a covered crate should be considered. With the exception ofType III, Style B crates, the crates included in this specificationare for use in domestic and overseas shipment of net loads notover 4000 lb 1814 kg. Use shall be confined to items fallingwith

5、in the dimensions and weight limitations of the types andgrades specified in Table 1.1.3 In general, Style A crates have heavier components andare to withstand rather severe handling and multiple shipments(heavy-duty), while Style B crates should be confined tohandling and shipping that impose only

6、light to moderatehazards on the container (light-duty). Types I, IV, and V cratesare general purpose types; Type II crates are designed for itemssuch as ladders, tubing, extrusions, or wallboard which do notrequire blocking, bracing, or cushioning; and Type III, Style Bcrates are designed for such s

7、elf-supporting material as chan-nels, angles, or other structural members where the containerserves only as a means for more convenient stacking andhandling.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shallbe regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exac

8、t equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other, without combiningvalues in any way.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa

9、fety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 If the use of other construction methods or techniques isacceptable and permitted (see 5.1.13), the resulting packagingsystems shall be of equal or better performance than wouldresult from the use o

10、f these specified materials and procedures.The appropriate distribution cycle specified in Practice D 4169can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 1990 Practice for Establishin

11、g Allowable Properties forVisually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Testsof Full-Size SpecimensD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingD 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and SealsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4675 Guide for Selection an

12、d Use of Flat StrappingMaterialsD 6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-ers and PalletsF 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,and Staples2.2 ASME/ANSI Standards:A208.1 Mat-Formed Wood Particleboard3B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws Inch Series3B18.5 Round Head

13、Bolts (Inch Series)3B18.22.1 (B18.22M) Plain Washers32.3 APA Standard:PRP-108 Performance Standards and Policies forStructural-Use Panels42.4 National Motor Freight Traffc Association Standard:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsib

14、ility of Subcommittee D10.12 on ShippingContainers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 6039/D 6039M-96.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we

15、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engi-neering Center, 345 East 47th St., N

16、ew York, NY 10017.4Available from the Engineered Wood Assoc., P.O. Box 11700, Tacoma, WA98411-0700.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.National Motor Freight Classification52.5 Uniform Classification Committee Standard:Un

17、iform Freight Classification63. Terminology3.1 General definitions for packaging and distribution envi-ronments are found in Terminology D 996.4. Classification4.1 Crates covered by this specification shall be of the typesand styles shown in Table 1 for maximum net loads andmaximum dimensions.5. Ord

18、ering Information5.1 Purchasers should select the preferred options permittedherein, and include the following information in procurementdocuments:5.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specification,5.1.2 Type and style of crate required (see 4.1),5.1.3 Combination of end and side panels required (s

19、ee7.7.2),5.1.4 When interior side battens shall be replaced by exte-rior side cleats for forklift handling (see 7.7.4),5.1.5 Alternative method of assembly of demountable crateif required (see 7.10.6),5.1.6 When demountability is required for Type V crates(see 7.10 and 7.11),5.1.7 When Type V, Style

20、 B crates shall be open or covered(see 7.11),5.1.8 When covering material shall be other than as speci-fied (see 7.11.6),5.1.9 When demountability is required for covered crates(see 7.11.7),5.1.10 When assembly instructions shall be furnished (see7.12),5.1.11 When the crates are to be furnished othe

21、r thanknocked down (see 9.1),5.1.12 When packaging (see 9.1) and marking (see 9.2)isother than as specified, and5.1.13 When proof that other construction methods ortechniques are acceptable (see 1.6) is required.6. Materials6.1 MaterialsMaterials not specified shall be selected bythe contractor/crat

22、e builder and shall be subject to all theprovisions of this specification. Materials shall be free ofdefects, which adversely affect performance or serviceabilityof the finished product.6.2 LumberLumber for all components shall conform toPractice D 6199. Wood members shall be the industriescommonly

23、accepted practice for nominal sizes and woodgroups and shall conform to commercial practice standards inaccordance with Practice D 1990, unless otherwise specified.6.3 Plywood/Standard UseAll plywood shall beperformance-rated paneling manufactured in accordance withAPA PRP-108, or ANSI A208.1.6.4 Na

24、ilsNails shall be steel and shall be coolers, sinkers,corkers, or common in accordance with Specification F 1667.6.5 Bolts and NutsBolts and nuts including lag bolts shallconform to ASME/ANSI B18.2.1 and ASME/ANSI B18.5.6.6 WashersWashers shall be round carbon steel gener-alpurpose washers and confo

25、rm to ASME B18.22.1(B18.22.M).6.7 Metal StrappingStrapping used to reinforce cratesshall conform to Specification D 3953. Strapping finish shall beas specified herein.7. Construction7.1 Nails and NailingFor fastening covering materials tomembers, the length of nails shall not be less than 1 in. 25mm

26、 and shall not exceed the sum of the thickness of thecovering material and the member. Nail sizes specified for thefabrication of the various crates are based on Group I and IIwoods (see Practice D 6199). When Group III and IV woodsare used, nail sizes may be one penny size smaller than thosespecifi

27、ed. The patterns to be used for the nailing of two flatpieces of lumber shall conform to the details shown in Fig. 1 oras specified herein. Unless otherwise specified herein, thefollowing requirements shall determine size, placement, andquantity of nails:7.1.1 All adjacent crate members shall be fas

28、tened to eachother, either directly or by means of the covering.7.1.2 All nails that are not to be clinched shall be cementcoated or mechanically deformed (helically or annularlythreaded).7.1.3 Nails shall be driven through the thinner member intothe thicker member wherever possible.5Available from

29、the American Trucking Association, Inc., Traffic Department,2200 Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22314.6Available from the Uniform Classification Committee, Tariff Publishing Of-ficer, Room 1106, 222 South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.TABLE 1 Crate ClassificationTypeStyle A, Heavy Duty Style B, Light

30、 DutyMaximum NetLoad (lb/kg)Inside Dimensions, maxMaximum NetLoad (lb/kg)Inside Dimensions, maxLength (ft/mm) Width (ft/mm) Height (ft/mm) Length (ft/mm) Width (ft/mm) Height (ft/mm)I 250 113 4 1200 3 900 3 900 200 90 4 1200 3 900 3 900IIA1000 450 12 3600 4 900 2 450 No Style BIII No Style A No load

31、 or size restriction except as limited by handling methodsIV 1000 450 6 1829 4 900 4 900 No Style BVB2500 1125 12 3600 6 1829 6 1829 4000 1814 32 9600 6 1829 10 3000AItems such as ladders, tubing, and extrusions weighing less than 200 lb 90 kg and not exceeding 20 ft 6000 mm long, 3 ft 900 mm wide a

32、nd 2 ft 600 mm highmay be packed in Type II crates.BType V, Styles A and B crates shall be further classified as being either nondemountable or demountable. Type V, Style B crates may be open or covered.D 6039/D 6039M 0227.1.4 When the flat faces of lumber are nailed together andthe combined thickne

33、ss is 3 in. 75 mm or less (except for thetop joists and covering material), nails shall be long enough topass through both thicknesses and shall be clinched not lessthan14 in. 6 mm nor more than38 in. 9 mm.7.1.5 When the flat faces of lumber are nailed together andthe combined thickness is more than

34、 3 in. 75 mm or when theflat face of one or more pieces is nailed to the edge or end faceof another, nails shall not be clinched. The portion of the nailin the thicker piece shall not be less than two times the lengthof the nail in the thinner pieces for ten penny nails and smaller,and not less than

35、 112 in. 38 mm for twelve penny nails andlarger.7.1.6 When splitting occurs with the use of diamond-pointnails, the nails shall be slightly blunted. When blunting doesnot prevent the splitting, holes slightly smaller than thediameter of the nail shall be drilled for each nail.7.1.7 Nails shall be dr

36、iven so that neither the head nor thepoint projects above the surface of the wood. Occasionaloverdriving will be permitted, but nails shall not be overdrivenmore than one eighth the thickness of the piece holding thehead.7.1.8 Nails shall be positioned not less than the thickness ofthe piece from th

37、e end nor less than one half the thickness ofthe piece from the side edge of the lumber whenever possible.Nails driven into the side edge of lumber shall be centered onthe side edge.7.1.9 When two members having parallel grain are attached,the number of rows of nails shall be determined by the nomin

38、alwidth of surfaces in contact, one row for widths up to andincluding 2 in. 50 mm, two rows for widths between 2 in. 50mm and 6 in. 150 mm, and three rows for widths over 6 in.150 mm.7.1.10 When plywood is nailed to cleats, nails shall bespaced not more than 4 in. 100 mm apart on centers placed inst

39、aggered rows which are not less than 134 in. 44 mm apartor less than34 in. 19 mm from the edge of the cleat.7.2 Bolt ApplicationHoles shall be prebored to receivecarriage bolts and shall be the exact diameter of the bolt. Thelead holes for lag bolts shanks shall be the same diameter as theshank, eve

40、n though the threaded portion may have a greaterdiameter than the shank. The diameter of the lead hole for thethreaded part of the lag bolt shall be as in Table 2.7.2.1 Lag bolts shall be placed by being turned in the holesthe full length of the bolt and shall not be driven in with ahammer or by any

41、 similar means. If for any reason the threadin the wood is stripped when the lag bolts are placed, the lagbolt shall be removed and placed in a new hole near the oldposition. A flat washer shall be used under the head of each lagbolt and under the nut of each carriage bolt. After the nut isplaced, t

42、he thread of the carriage bolt projecting beyond the nutshall be painted with a suitable metal primer or similarmaterial.7.3 StaplesThe crown of the staples used for fasteningcovering materials to frame members shall not be less than38in. 9 mm. The length of the staples shall not exceed the sumof th

43、e thickness of the covering material and the framemember; except that, staples shall never be less than 1 in. 25mm in length.7.4 SplicesSplices and butt joints made in frame membersand skids of long crates shall be as shown in Fig. 2.7.5 Type I CratesStyle AThe load and size limitationsshall be as s

44、pecified in Table 1. Style A crates shall be usedonly for items forming a Type I load and weighing not morethan 250 lb 113 kg.7.5.1 BaseSkids shall be nominal 2 by 4 lumber. Diago-nals shall be 1 by 4 in. 25 by 100 mm in size. End floormembers shall be the same thickness and width as the skid,except

45、 that when used as load-bearing members, their sizesshall be as specified in Table 3. End floor members shall beNOTE 1All widths are nominal.NOTE 2Similar patterns shall be used when boards cross at anglesother 90.FIG. 1 Nailing PatternsTABLE 2 Lead Hole Diameter for Threaded Part of Lag BoltDiamete

46、r of ThreadedPortion of Lag Bolt,in. mmDiameter of Lead HoleGroup I, II, and III Woods,in. mmGroup IV Woods,in. mm14 6316 5316 5516 814 614 638 1014 6516 812 1338 10716 1158 1638 1012 1334 1912 1358 16D 6039/D 6039M 023NOTE 1Asplice of 4-by-4 in. or 4-by-6 in. skids; Bsplice of 2-in. member; Csplice

47、 of 1-in. member; Dlamination of skid.FIG. 2 Splicing of MembersTABLE 3 Allowable Load in lb kg Per in. mm of Load-Bearing Floorboard Width of Groups I and II WoodsNOTE 1When Group IV woods are used, the allowable loads may be increased by 20 %.Distance BetweenSkids, in. mmNominal Thickness of Floor

48、board, in. mm1 25 2 50 3 75 4 100 6 150 8 20012 30 50 18 200 90 557 251 1090 491 2690 1211 4680 210618 450 34 15 134 60 370 167 740 333 1790 806 3140 141324 600 25 11 100 45 280 126 545 245 1350 608 2330 104930 750 20 9 80 36 222 100 450 203 1150 518 1870 84236 900 17 8 66 30 185 83 361 162 895 403 1560 70242 1050 15 7 57 27 158 71 311 140 767 345 1335 60148 1200 12 5 50 23 139 63 272 122 671 302 1170 52754 1350 11 5 45 20 124 55 242 110 596 268 1039 46860 1500 10 5 40 18 111 50 218 98 537 242 936 42166 1650 9 4 37 17 104 47 198 89 488 220