1、Designation: D6061 01 (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Practice forEvaluating the Performance of Respirable AerosolSamplers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6061; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReapproved with editorial changes in April 2012.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of the performanceof pe
3、rsonal samplers of non-fibrous respirable aerosol. Thesamplers are assessed relative to a specific respirable samplingconvention. The convention is one of several that identifyspecific particle size fractions for assessing health effects ofairborne particles. When a health effects assessment has bee
4、nbased on a specific convention it is appropriate to use that sameconvention for setting permissible exposure limits in theworkplace and ambient environment and for monitoring com-pliance. The conventions, which define inhalable, thoracic, andrespirable aerosol sampler ideals, have now been adopted
5、bythe International Standards Organization (ISO 7708), the Co-mit Europen de Normalisation (CEN Standard EN 481), andthe American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygien-ists (ACGIH, Ref (1),2developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed in Ref (3) and in part as a compromisebetwee
6、n definitions proposed in Refs (3,4).1.2 This practice is complementary to Test Method D4532,which specifies a particular instrument, the 10-mm cyclone.3The sampler evaluation procedures presented in this practicehave been applied in the testing of the 10-mm cyclone as wellas the Higgins-Dewell cycl
7、one.3,4Details on the evaluationhave been published (5-7) and can be incorporated intorevisions of Test Method D4532.1.3 A central aim of this practice is to provide informationrequired for characterizing the uncertainty of concentrationestimates from samples taken by candidate samplers. For thispur
8、pose, sampling accuracy data from the performance testsgiven here can be combined with information as to analyticaland sampling pump uncertainty obtained externally. The prac-tice applies principles of ISO GUM, expanded to coversituations common in occupational hygiene measurement,where the measuran
9、d varies markedly in both time and space.A general approach (8) for dealing with this situation relates tothe theory of tolerance intervals and may be summarized asfollows: Sampling/analytical methods undergo extensiveevaluations and are subsequently applied without re-evaluationat each measurement,
10、 while taking precautions (for example,through a quality assurance program) that the method remainsstable. Measurement uncertainty is then characterized byspecifying the evaluation confidence (for example, 95 %) thatconfidence intervals determined by measurements bracketmeasurand values at better th
11、an a given rate (for example,95 %). Moreover, the systematic difference between candidateand idealized aerosol samplers can be expressed as a relativebias, which has proven to be a useful concept and is includedin the specification of accuracy (3.2.9-3.2.10).1.4 Units of the International System of
12、Units (SI) are usedthroughout this practice and should be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete
13、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in WorkplaceAtmospheres Using Cyclone SamplersD6062 Guide for Personal Samplers of Health-
14、RelatedAerosol FractionsD6552 Practice for Controlling and Characterizing Errors inWeighing Collected Aerosols1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 onAir Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air Quality.Current edition approved April 1,
15、2012. Published July 2012. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D6061 - 01(2007)1.DOI: 10.1520/D6061-01R12E01.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis practice.3If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
16、 information toASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.4The sole source of supply of the Higgins-Dewell cyclone known to thecommittee at this time is BGI Inc., 58 Guinan Street, Waltham, MA 02154.5For
17、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
18、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 International Standards:ISO 7708 Air QualityParticle Size Fraction Definitionsfor Health-Related Sampling, Brussels, 19936ISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Mea-surement, Brussels, 19936CEN EN 481 Standard on Workplace Atmospheres.
19、 SizeFraction Definitions for the Measurement of AirborneParticles in the Workplace, Brussels, 19937CEN EN 1232 Standard on Workplace Atmospheres. Re-quirements and Test Methods for Pumps used for PersonalSampling of Chemical Agents in the Workplace, Brussels,19937CEN EN 13205 Workplace Atmospheres-
20、 Assessment ofPerformance of Instruments for Measurement of AirborneParticle Concentrations, 200172.3 NIOSH Standards:NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods, 4th ed., Eller, P. M.,ed.: Dept. of Health and Human Services, 19948Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Occupational Expo-sure to Respirable Coal
21、Mine Dust, NIOSH, 199593. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminology D1356 and ISO GUM.3.1.2 Aerosol fraction sampling conventions have beenpresented in Performance Specifications D6062. The relevantdefinitions are repeated here for convenien
22、ce.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aerodynamic diameter, D (m)the diameter of asphere of density, 103kg/m, with the same stopping time as aparticle of interest.3.2.2 respirable sampling convention, ERdefined explic-itly at aerodynamic diameter D (m) as a fraction of totalair
23、borne aerosol in terms of the cumulative normal function (9)F as follows:ER5 0.50 1 1 exp20.06 D! F lnDR/D/sR# (1)where the indicated constants are DR= 4.25 m andsR= ln1.5.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe respirable sampling convention,together with earlier definitions, is shown in Fig. 1. Thisconvention has b
24、een adopted by the International StandardsOrganization (ISO 7708), the Comit Europen de Normalisa-tion (CEN Standard EN 481), and the American Conference ofGovernmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, Ref (1).The definition of respirable aerosol is the basis for therecommended exposure level (REL)
25、 of respirable coal minedust as promulgated by NIOSH (Criteria for a RecommendedStandard, Occupational Exposure to Respirable Coal MineDust) and also forms the basis of the NIOSH sampling methodfor particulates not otherwise regulated, respirable (NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods).3.2.3 size-distri
26、bution C-1dC/dD (m-1)of a given air-borne aerosol, the mass concentration of aerosol per unitaerodynamic diameter range per total concentration C.3.2.3.1 lognormal size distributionan idealized distribu-tion characterized by two parameters: the geometric standarddeviation (GSD) and mass median diame
27、ter (MMD). Thedistribution is given explicitly as follows:C21dC/dD 51=2p D lnGSDexpF212lnD/MMD2/lnGSD2#(2)where C is the total mass concentration.3.2.4 conventional respirable concentration cR(mg/m3)the concentration measured by a conventional (that is, ideal)respirable sampler and given in terms of
28、 the size distributiondC/dD as follows:cR5*0dD ERdC / dD (3)3.2.4.1 DiscussionNote that samples are often taken overan extended time period (for example, 8 h), so that dC/dD ofEq. 3 represents a time-averaged, rather than instantaneous,size-distribution.3.2.5 sampler number s = 1, ., S a number iden
29、tifying aparticular sampler under evaluation.3.2.6 sampling effciency Es(D, Q)the modeled samplingefficiency of sampler s as a function of aerodynamic diameterD and flow rate Q (9.1).3.2.6.1 model parameters up, where p = 1, ., P (for ex-ample, 4)parameters that specify the function Es(D, Q).3.2.7 m
30、ean sampled concentration csthe concentrationthat sampler s would give, averaged over sampling pump andanalytical fluctuations, in sampling aerosol of size-distributionC-1dC/dD is given as follows:cs5*0dD EsdC / dD (4)3.2.8 mean concentration cthe population mean of cs.3.2.9 uncertainty components:6
31、Available from International Organization for Standardization, Caisse Postale56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.7Available from CEN Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels,Belgium.8Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Stock No. 917-011-00000-1
32、, Washington DC 20402.9Available from NIOSH Publications, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH45226.FIG. 1 Respirable Aerosol Collection EfficienciesD6061 01 (2012)123.2.9.1 analytical relative standard deviation RSDanalyticalthe standard deviation relative to the true respirable concen-tration cRa
33、ssociated with mass analysis, for example, theweighing of filters, analysis of a-quartz, and so forth.3.2.9.2 pump-induced relative standard deviationRSDpumpthe intra-sampler standard deviation relative to therespirable concentration cRassociated with both drift andvariability in the setting of the
34、sampling pump.3.2.9.3 inter-sampler relative standard deviation RSDinterthe inter-sampler standard deviation (varying sampler s) rela-tive to the respirable concentration cRand taken as primarilyassociated with physical variations in sampler dimensions.3.2.10 mean relative bias Dof measurement c rel
35、ative tothe conventional respirable concentration cR, defined as fol-lows:Dc2cR!/cR(5)3.2.11 symmetric-range accuracy Athe fractional range,symmetric about the conventional concentration cR, withinwhich 95 % of sampler measurements are to be found (8,10-13and the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods).
36、3.2.12 flow rate Q (L/min)the average flow rate of airsampled by a given sampler over the duration of the samplingperiod.3.2.13 flow number Fthe number (for example, 4) ofsampler flow rates Q tested.3.2.14 replication number n (for example, 4) the numberof replicate measurements for evaluating a giv
37、en sampler atspecific flow rate and aerodynamic diameter.3.3 Symbols and Abbreviations:Asymmetric-range accuracy as defined in terms of biasand precision (see 3.2.11).estimated accuracy A.NOTE 1Hats as in A refer to estimates, both in sampler applicationand sampler evaluation.95 %A95 % confidence li
38、mit on the symmetric-rangeaccuracy A.c(mg/m3)expected value of the sampler-averaged concen-tration estimates cs.cs(mg/m3)expected value (averaged over sampling pumpand analytical variations) of the concentration estimate fromsampler s.scovijcovariance matrix for sampler s and efficiency pa-rameters
39、uiand uj.cR(mg/m3)concentration measured by a conventional (thatis, ideal) respirable sampler.D (m)aerosol aerodynamic diameter.D0sampling efficiency model parameter.DR(m)respirable sampling convention parameter equal to4.25 m in the case of healthy adults, or 2.5 m for the sick orinfirm or children
40、.Esampling convention in general.ERrespirable sampling convention.Essampling efficiency of sampler s.Fnumber of flow rates evaluated.GSDgeometric standard deviation of a lognormal aerosolsize distribution.MMDmass median diameter of a lognormal aerosol sizedistribution.MSEcmean square element for sam
41、pler in application (see10.4).MSEmean square element for evaluation data (see A1.5).nnumber of replicate measurements.Pnumber of sampling efficiency parameters.RSDrelative standard deviation (relative to concentrationcRas estimated by an ideal sampler following the respirablesampling convention).RSD
42、analyticalrelative standard deviation component charac-terizing analytical random variation.RSDevalrelative standard deviation component character-izing uncertainty from the evaluation experiment itself (AnnexAnnex A1).RSDinterrelative standard deviation component character-izing random inter-sample
43、r variation.RSDpumprelative standard deviation component character-izing the effect of random sampling pump variation.ssampler number.Snumber of samplers evaluated.tsampling time (for example, 8h).Uexpanded uncertainty.uccombined uncertainty.v (m/s)wind speed.Dbias relative to an ideal sampler follo
44、wing the respirablesampling convention.eval srandom variable contribution to evaluation experi-mental error in a concentration estimate.srandom variable contribution to inter-sampler error in aconcentration estimate.usampling efficiency model parameter.s0sampling efficiency model parameter.sevaleval
45、uation experimental standard deviation in a con-centration estimate.sinterinter-sampler standard deviation in a concentrationestimate.sRrespirable sampling convention parameter equal toln1.5.smassweighing imprecision in mass collected on a filter.Fxcumulative normal function given for argument x.4.
46、Summary of Practice4.1 The sampling efficiency from D = 0 to 10 m and itsvariability are measured in calm air ( 1 is negligible. Then 3.2.11implies the following inequality:c1 195 %A, cR,c1 295 %A(16)for 95 % of estimates c, at 95 % confidence in theevaluation experiment. Note that the interval of E
47、q. 16 is notexactly symmetrical about the estimate c, unlike intervals usingthe expanded uncertainty U (ISO GUM), with bounds c 6 U.10.6.3 An example of the difference between95 %A and Acan be given: At MMD = 10m and GSD = 3, the Higgins-Dewell cyclone has (5) D=7%, RSDinter=5%RSDpump95 % of the tim
48、e.95 %A then plays the role of the expanded uncertainty U (ISOGUM).”13. Keywords13.1 aerosol; air monitoring; bias; confidence; conventions;deposition; evaluation; fractions; particle; particulates; pen-etration; performance; random variation; respirable; samplingand analysis; sampling efficiency; s
49、ize-selective; tolerance;uncertainty; workplace atmospheresD6061 01 (2012)17ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. STATISTICAL DETAILSA1.1 The sampler performance assessment of this practiceaccounts for uncertainty in the sampler evaluation by comput-ing a confidence limit on the combined mean square elementMSEc(Eq. 15) as well as an estimate of MSEcitself. This isaccomplished by analyzing the concentration estimates csfromsampler s in accordance with the following model
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