1、Designation: D 6062 07Standard Guide forPersonal Samplers of Health-Related Aerosol Fractions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6062; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide defines conventions for personal samplers ofspecific particle-size-dependent fractions of any given non-fibrous airborne ae
3、rosol. Such samplers are used for assessinghealth effects and in the setting of and testing for compliancewith permissible exposure limits in the workplace and ambientenvironment. The conventions have been adopted by theInternational Standards Organization (Technical Report ISOTR 7708), the Comit Eu
4、ropen de Normalisation (CENStandard EN 481), and the American Conference of Govern-mental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1).2The conventionswere developed (2) in part from health-effects studies reviewed(3) by the ACGIH and in part as a compromise betweendefinitions proposed by the ACGIH (3) and by
5、the BritishMedical Research Council (BMRC) (4). Conventions are givenhere for inhalable, thoracic, and respirable fractions.1.2 This guide is complementary to Test Method D 4532,which describes the performance of a particular instrument, the10-mm cyclone, and operational procedures for use. Theproce
6、dures, specifically the optimal flow rate, are still validalthough the estimated accuracy differs somewhat from usewith previous aerosol fraction definitions. Details on thisinstrument and also the Higgins-Dewell cyclone have recentlybeen published (5-7).1.3 Limitations:1.3.1 The definitions given h
7、ere were adopted by the agen-cies listed in 1.1 in part on the basis of expected health effectsof the different size fractions, but in part allowing for availablesampling equipment. The original adoption by CEN was, infact, for the eventual setting of common standards by the ECcountries while permit
8、ting the use of a variety of instrumenta-tion. Deviations of the sampling conventions from health-related effects are as follows:1.3.1.1 The inhalable fraction actually depends on the spe-cific air speed and direction, on the breathing rate, and onwhether breathing is by nose or mouth. The values gi
9、ven in theinhalable convention are for representative values of breathingrate and represent averages over all wind directions.1.3.1.2 The respirable and thoracic fractions vary fromindividual to individual and with the breathing pattern. Theconventions are approximations to the average case.1.3.1.3
10、Each convention applies strictly to a fraction pen-etrating to a region, rather than depositing. Therefore, samplescollected according to the conventions may only approximatecorrelations with biological effects. For example, the respirableconvention overestimates the fraction of very small particles
11、deposited in the alveolar region of the respiratory systembecause some of the particles are actually exhaled withoutbeing deposited (8). In many workplaces, these very smallparticles contribute insignificantly to the sampled mass. Fur-thermore, the large variability between individuals and thedetail
12、s of clearance may be as important as this type of effect.1.3.1.4 The thoracic convention applies to mouth breathing,for which aerosol collection is greater than during nosebreathing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informat
13、iononly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refe
14、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in WorkplaceAtmospheres2.2 International Standards:ISO TR 7708 Technical Report on Air QualityParticleSize Fraction Definitions for Health-Related Sampling,Bru
15、ssels, 19934CEN EN 481 Standard on Workplace Atmospheres. SizeFraction Definitions for the Measurement of Airborne1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on WorkplaceAtmospheres.Current edition approved April 1
16、, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6062M - 96(2001).2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cust
17、omer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from International Organization for Standardization, Caisse Postale56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
18、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Particles in the Workplace, Brussels, 199353. Terminology3.1 Many terms used in this guide are defined in Terminol-ogy D 1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aerodynamic diameter, D, (m)the diamet
19、er of asphere of density of 103kg/m3with the same stopping time asa particle of interest.3.2.2 inhalable convention, EIthe target specification forsampling instruments when the inhalable fraction is the frac-tion of interest. Specifically, EIis taken (Technical Report ISOTR 7708, CEN Standard EN 481
20、, and the ACGIH thresholdlimit values (1) as follows:EI5 0.50 1 1 exp20.06 D!, D , 100 m (1)defined in terms of aerodynamic diameter, D.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe inhalable convention EIis illus-trated in Fig. 1. Note that EI 0.50 (50 %) at large D.Eq1approximates the inhalable fraction when averaged ove
21、r allwind directions for windspeeds v 4 m/s. At higher windspeeds, the following convention has been tentatively sug-gested as follows (9):EI5 0.50 1 1 exp20.06 D! 1 1025v2.75exp0.055 D,4 m/s , v , 9 m/s(2)3.2.3 inhalable fractionthe total airborne particle massfraction inhaled through the nose and
22、mouth, that is, whichenters the respiratory system.3.2.4 respirable convention, ERthe target sampling curvefor instruments approximating the respirable fraction. ERisdefined (Technical Report ISO TR 7708, CEN Standard EN481, and the present ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (1)interms of the cumulative n
23、ormal function (10) F as follows:ER5 EI F1nDR/D/sR# (3)where the indicated constants are DR= 4.25 m andsR= ln1.5. The cumulative normal function F is easilyapproximated using the algorithm given in Appendix X1.3.2.4.1 DiscussionFor protecting the sick or infirm orchildren, a quantity DR= 2.5 m has b
24、een suggested (TechnicalReport ISO TR 7708). This accounts for the fact that inchildren and in adults with certain chest diseases, the tracheo-bronchial region is more effective at collecting particles ofsmall aerodynamic diameter than it is in healthy adults. Therespirable convention ERis illustrat
25、ed in Fig. 1. Note that 50 %of total airborne particles with D = 4.0 m are in the respirablefraction.3.2.5 respirable fractionthe mass fraction of total air-borne particles penetrating to the alveolar region of therespiratory system.3.2.6 sampling conventiona target specification that ap-proximates
26、to a specific health-related fraction of aerosol ofgiven aerodynamic diameter. A sampling convention is speci-fied in terms of the sampling efficiency E, the fraction ofparticles at given aerodynamic diameter collected by an idealinstrument.3.2.7 thoracic convention, ETthe target sampling curvefor i
27、nstruments approximating the thoracic fraction. ETisdefined (Technical Report ISO TR 7708, CEN Standard EN481, and the present ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (1)interms of the cumulative normal function (10) F as:ET5 EI F1nDT/D/sT# (4)where the indicated constant parameters are DT= 11.64 mand sT= ln1.
28、5.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe thoracic convention ETis illus-trated in Fig. 1. Note that 50 % of total airborne particles withD = 10 m are in the thoracic fraction.3.2.8 thoracic fractionthe mass fraction of total airborneparticles penetrating beyond the larynx.3.3 Abbreviations:Symbols and Abbreviations:
29、3.3.1 D (m)aerosol aerodynamic diameter.3.3.2 DR(m)respirable sampling convention parameterequal to 4.25 m in the case of healthy adults, or 2.5 m for thesick or infirm or children.3.3.3 DT(m)thoracic sampling convention parameterequal to 11.64 m.3.3.4 Esampling convention in general.3.3.5 EIinhalab
30、le sampling convention.3.3.6 ERrespirable sampling convention.3.3.7 ETthoracic sampling convention.3.3.8 v (m/s)wind speed.3.3.9 sRrespirable sampling convention parameter equalto ln1.5.3.3.10 sTthoracic sampling convention parameter equalto ln1.5.3.3.11 Fxcumulative normal function defined, givenar
31、gument x.4. Significance and Use4.1 The convention to be used is not always straightforward,but generally depends on what part of the respiratory system isaffected by the aerosol particles. For example, if an aerosol (forexample, silica) is expected to be hazardous mainly in thealveolar regions of t
32、he respiratory system, then the respirableconvention applies. On the other hand, if an aerosol isextremely soluble (for example, KCN), then the inhalableconvention should be used for monitoring or setting exposurelimit standards. The conventions are often applied for approxi-mating mass fractions, b
33、ut they may also be used in theevaluation of total surface area or the number of particles in thecollected material.4.2 The conventions have now been adopted by the Inter-national Standards Organization (Technical Report ISO TR7708), the Comit Europen de Normalisation (CEN StandardEN 481), and the A
34、merican Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1). The definition of respirableaerosol is the basis for recommended exposure levels (REL) ofrespirable coal mine dust as promulgated by NIOSH (Criteriafor a Recommended Standard, Occupational Exposure toRespirable Coal Mine Dust). The
35、 respirable aerosol definitionalso forms the basis of the NIOSH sampling method for5Available from CEN Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels,Belgium.D6062072respirable particulates not otherwise regulated (NIOSH Manualof Analytical Methods).4.3 The conventions constitute a part of
36、 the performancecharacteristics required of aerosol samplers for collectingaerosol according to the relevant health effects. This guidetherefore does not specify particular samplers for measuringthe aerosol fractions defined here. Detailed guidelines forevaluating any given sampler relative to the c
37、onventions areunder preparation. Several advantages over instrument speci-fication can be attributed to the adoption of these performance-associated conventions:4.3.1 The conventions have a recognized tie to healtheffects.4.3.2 Performance criteria permit instrument designers toseek practical sample
38、r improvements.4.3.3 Performance criteria promote continued experimentaltesting of the samplers in use with the result that the significantvariables (such as wind speed, particle charge, and so forth)affecting sampler operation become understood.5. Precision and Bias5.1 Precision and bias are detail
39、ed in specific test methods(for example, Test Method D 4532). Furthermore, how thesequantities are to be measured will be presented in a perfor-mance evaluation protocol to appear as a separate standard.Nevertheless, general comments are in order.5.1.1 PrecisionIn the sampling of aerosol, several co
40、m-ponents of precision have been found significant (5). Theseinclude inter-sampler variability, caused by physical variationsin the samplers; intra-sampler variability, from inaccuracy inthe setting and maintenance of required airflow; and analyticalerror, for example, in the weighing of filters.5.1
41、.2 BiasAs no real sampler follows the aerosol fractionconventions exactly, bias always exists between true andconventional (ideal) samplers. This bias depends on the par-ticle size distribution of the aerosol sampled. The worst-casesituation is in the sampling of monodisperse aerosol. However,in mos
42、t workplaces, aerosol is present in a broad distribution ofsizes. The cancellation of positive and negative components ofbias at different particle sizes reduces the overall bias in thiscase.6. Keywords6.1 aerosol; conventions; deposition; fractions; inhalable;particle; particulates; penetration; re
43、spirable; sampling effi-ciency; size-selective; thoracicAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ALGORITHM FOR CUMULATIVE NORMAL FUNCTIONX1.1 The cumulative normal function Fx is easily ap-proximated on a calculator or small computer using thefollowing algorithm (10):Fx 5 1 2 Zx a1t 1 a2t21 a3t3! (X1.1
44、)where t is given in terms of x as follows:t 5 1/1 1 px!, and (X1.2)where the function Zx is defined as follows:Zx 1=2pexp2x2/2, and (X1.3)where the constants p, a1, a2, and a3are given as follows:a1, a2, a3! 5 0.4361836, 20.1201676, 0.937298! (X1.4)p 5 0.33267 (X1.5)FIG. 1 Inhalable, Thoracic, and
45、Respirable Conventions Relative to Total Airborne ParticlesD6062073REFERENCES(1) ACGIH: 19941995 Threshold Limit Values, American Conference ofGovernmental Industrial Hygienists, updated annually.(2) Soderholm, S. C., “Proposed International Conventions for ParticleSize-Selective Sampling,” Annals O
46、ccupational Hygiene, Vol 33,1989, pp. 301320; Vol 35, pp. 357358.(3) ACGIG, “Particle Size-Selective Sampling in the Workplace,” Annalsof the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists,VolII, 1984, pp. 21100.(4) British Medical Research Council, “Recommendations of the MRCPanels Relatin
47、g to Selective Sampling,” Inhaled Particles and Va-pours, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1961.(5) Bartley, D. L., Chen, C. C., Song, R., and Fischbach, T. J.,“ RespirableAerosol Sampler Performance Testing,” American Industrial HygieneAssoc. Journal, Vol 55, 1994, pp. 10361046.(6) Maynard, A., “Respirable
48、Dust Sampler Characterisation: EfficiencyCurve Reproducibility,” Proceedings of the European Aerosol Confer-ence, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol 24, 1993, pp. S457S458.(7) Lidn, G., and Kenny, L. C., “Organization of the Performance ofExisting Respirable Dust Samplers,” Applied Occupational Environ
49、-mental Hygiene, Vol 8, 1993, pp. 386391.(8) Heyder, J., Gebhart, J., Rudolph, G., Schiller, C. F., and Stahlhofen,W., “Deposition of Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract in theSize Range 0.00515 m,” Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol 17, 1986,pp. 811825; also, Erratum, Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol 18, p. 353.(9) Vincent, J. H., Mark, D., Armbruster, L., and Ogden, T. L., “AerosolInhalability at Higher Windspeeds,” Journal of Aerosol Science,Vol21, 1990, pp. 577586.(10) Abramowitz,
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