1、Designation: D 6063 96 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forSampling of Drums and Similar Containers by FieldPersonnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6063; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information, including flow charts, forfield personnel to follow in order to collect samples
3、fromdrums and similar containers.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to help field personnel inplanning and obtaining samples from drums and similarcontainers, using equipment and techniques that will ensurethat the objectives of the sampling activity will be met. It canalso be used as a training tool.
4、1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See specificWa
5、rnings in 7.4.3 and 7.4.4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite ElectrodesD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube
6、 Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 4823 Guide for Core
7、 Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD 4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-ance and Quality Contro
8、l Planning and ImplementationD 5358 Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or PondSamplerD 5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerD 5495 Practice for Sampling With a Composite LiquidWaste Sampler (COLIWASA)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bung, nusually a 2-in. (5-cm) or34-in. (1.3-cm)diame
9、ter threaded plug specifically designed to close a bunghole.3.1.2 bung hole, nan opening in a barrel or drum throughwhich it can be filled, emptied or vented.3.1.3 consolidated solid, nas used in this guide, a com-pact solid not easily compressed or broken into smallerportions.3.1.4 drum, nwhen used
10、 in the flow charts in this guide,the word implies any drum, barrel or non-bulk container of 5 to110 gal (19 to 400 L) capacity.3.1.5 representative sample, na sample collected suchthat it reflects one or more characteristics of interest of the lotor population from which it was collected.3.1.6 samp
11、le, none or more items or portions collectedfrom a lot or population.3.1.7 sampler, nthe device used to obtain a sample.3.1.8 sludge, nas used in this guide, any mixture of solidsthat settles out of solution; sludges contain liquids that are notapparent as free liquids.3.1.9 unconsolidated solid, na
12、s used in this guide, unce-mented or uncompacted material that is easily separated intosmaller portions.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 200
13、6. Published October 2006. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 6063 96 (2006).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to th
14、e standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.10 work plans, nplans that are specific to sampling ata particular site; examples are Health and Safety Plans andSampling and An
15、alysis Plans.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide uses a decision-tree format to lead personsintending to sample waste materials from drums and similarcontainers through a series of questions. The answers to thequestions result in recommended actions, including the selec-tion of appropriate sampling eq
16、uipment. Brief instructions onthe use of the equipment are included.4.2 This guide addresses commonly used sampling equip-ment and devices; it is not intended to cover all that might bepurchased or custom made.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide is intended to assist field personnel inobtaining sa
17、mples from drums and similar containers forlaboratory analysis. The costs associated with sampling andanalysis make it essential that samples be taken correctlybefore submitting them for chemical analysis or physicaltesting, or both. Incorrect sampling can invalidate resultingdata.5.2 This guide may
18、 be used by personnel who have noformal workplan. It draws their attention to issues that must beaddressed before, during, and after taking a sample. It providesguidance in choosing the sampling technique and equipmentsuitable for specific situations. It can serve as a training tool forthose who are
19、 unfamiliar with sampling. It is recommendedthat this guide be used as a supplement to a written workplan.5.3 Some sections of this guide contain flow charts (seeFigs. 1-5) that must be worked through, starting from the top ofeach page. By answering the questions in the diamond-shapedboxes, and foll
20、owing the appropriate arrows, the personplanning to sample will be guided towards the most suitableprocedures and equipment. The numbers at the bottom of someboxes refer to corresponding paragraphs in the text, whichprovide information to help the person sampling answer thequestions.NOTE 1This flow
21、chart should be used with Section 6 in the text.FIG. 1 Objectives of SamplingD 6063 96 (2006)25.4 Figs. 6-15 are examples of types of equipment. Similardevices that do the same job in the same way are not intendedto be excluded.6. Objectives of Sampling6.1 The purpose of sampling is to collect a rep
22、resentativesample of all or part of the contents of the drum or similarcontainer, to determine the physical and chemical characteris-tics of those contents (see Fig. 1). This information may thenbe used to:6.1.1 Select suitable methods of treatment and disposal ofthe contents,6.1.2 Provide evidence
23、for use in a court of law,6.1.3 Comply with regulations, such as those for the trans-portation of hazardous materials,6.1.4 Confirm that the drums contain what is written on thelabel, manifest or other type of documentation, and6.1.5 Find out if any drums in a lot contain differentmaterials from the
24、 majority.6.2 In most cases there is a written plan that describes thework to be done (Guide D 4687). In other cases, there is nowritten plan and the instructions are only verbal.6.3 If the objectives of sampling are unclear or unknown tothe field personnel, they should question their supervisor orp
25、roject manager about the objectives. Well-informed fieldpersonnel are then alert to unforeseen circumstances or eventsthat might invalidate the samples.7. Pre-Sampling Inspection7.1 Information about the contents of the drums may beavailable from (see Fig. 2):7.1.1 Previous analysis of drum contents
26、 from the samesource,7.1.2 The supplier/source of the material in the drums,7.1.3 Manifest (shipping) documents,7.1.4 Labels and other markings on the drums, or7.1.5 Knowledge of the waste generating process.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 7.1 to 7.3 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Samplin
27、g InspectionD 6063 96 (2006)37.2 Personnel doing the pre-sampling and sampling must beaware of any special procedures that are to be followed at agiven site. Workplans include a worker health and safetysection because there are potential hazards associated withopening drums as well as with potential
28、ly hazardous con-tents.3,4Examples of special procedures are change of clothing,use of safety equipment of various kinds, evacuation proce-dures, fire and explosion procedures and vehicle cleaningprocedures such as water washing before leaving the site orstorage area, and many others that would be s
29、ite or storagespecific.7.3 If you are certain that the drum does not containradioactive material and the workplan does not require you tocheck for radioactivity, proceed to 7.4.7.3.1 Many facilities are not licensed to handle radioactivematerials and are legally obliged to prove that they do notknow
30、ingly accept them. Some facilities are licensed to handleradioactive materials; they need to have a measure of howradioactive the material is for the safety of their workers.7.3.2 Hand-held monitors that check for radioactivityshould always be used if you suspect that radioactive materialmight be pr
31、esent or if the workplan requires it. It is importantthat the monitor has been calibrated correctly, according to themanufacturers instructions. Monitoring should be done onlyby those with the appropriate written procedures, training andequipment.3Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites, EP
32、A/600/2-86/013,January 1986.4Field Sampling Procedures Manual, Third Edition, New Jersey Department ofEnvironmental Protection, Division of Hazardous Site Mitigation, February 1988.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 7.3 to 7.5 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection (continued)D 6
33、063 96 (2006)47.3.3 It is prudent to monitor a storage area before enteringit. If radioactive material is found to be present when it shouldnot be, leave the area immediately, post warning signs to alertother workers, and consult your supervisor.7.4 Drums may contain flammable materials, strong oxid
34、iz-ers or reducing materials, light-sensitive materials, corrosiveacids or bases, and materials sensitive to moisture. All of thesedrums require special handling, including segregation.7.4.1 Many solvents, like benzene, evaporate into air spacein and around the drum where the vapour may be easilyign
35、ited.7.4.2 If you are sampling a potentially flammable or un-known material, non-sparking tools should be used and thedrums should be grounded.7.4.3 If the drums are stored in a closed room or confinedspace, the air in the area should be tested by a hand-heldmonitor to check for flammable vapors. It
36、 is important that themonitor has been calibrated according to the manufacturersinstructions. The monitoring should be done by those with theappropriate training and written procedures. (WarningFlammable materials should be sampled in a well-ventilatedarea. There are other safety considerations that
37、 must beconsidered regarding confined spaces. It may be necessary tocheck for explosivity or oxygen levels.)7.4.4 Labels on drums of waste materials may not beaccurate. Unless the drums come from a reliable source, forexample, the generator of the material and the process thatcreated the waste are k
38、nown to you, it is prudent to assume thatNOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 7.6 to 7.8 in the text.FIG. 2 Pre-Sampling Inspection (continued)D 6063 96 (2006)5the labels may not match the contents. (WarningAttemptingto open a drum that is in poor condition can expose a workerto the po
39、ssibility of a serious, even fatal, accident. Specialprecautions should be taken when the bungs are rusted orcorroded since the drum top may give way, exposing theworker to vapor or liquid. Overpacking before sampling shouldbe considered for drums in poor condition.)7.5 It is not always necessary to
40、 sample every drum in a lot.The workplans provide direction as to how many, and possiblywhich, drums should be sampled. Each drum that will besampled must be identified in a unique way in case a secondsample has to be taken later. Colored labels, crayons, paintsticks or pens, or stencilled paint can
41、 be used to identify drums.Any new identification system should not cover the existinglabels or identifiers.7.6 Sometimes drums have to be moved to another locationfor sampling; this is known as “drum staging”. This is requiredif:7.6.1 Sampling the drum in its present location poses a highrisk to su
42、rrounding property and individuals,7.6.2 The drum cannot be accessed for sampling in itscurrent location, or7.6.3 Exposure to climatic conditions alter the sample, forexample, formation of ice; or create a health and safety risk, forexample, the sun heating a drum containing solvents.7.7 The physica
43、l condition of drums must be evaluatedbefore attempting to open or move them (see Warning in 7.4.4).Drum carriers, which lock on the drum lip, should not be usedto move the drum if the condition is poor.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 8.1 to 8.5 in the text.FIG. 3 Selection of Sui
44、table Sampling ProcedureD 6063 96 (2006)67.8 Materials in layers, such as oil with water, can becomemixed together when moved. If you want to sample each layerseparately, the material may need time to settle before openingand sampling the drum.8. Selection of Suitable Sampling Procedure8.1 The physi
45、cal state(s) of the material(s) being sampled isan important criterion when sampling (see Fig. 3).8.2 A drum containing one liquid, such as water, or amixture of liquids, such as a stable emulsion like hand cream,that does not separate into two layers regardless of time, is saidto contain one phase.
46、 A drum containing two liquids, such asoil and water, which form two distinct layers when they are notstirred is said to contain two phases.8.3 When it is necessary to know the amounts of solid andliquid layers in a drum, a calibrated measuring device or thesampling equipment (for example, a COLIWAS
47、A) can beinserted into the opened drum (see Section 12) and the liquidlevel measured.8.4 Although sludges behave like sticky solids and are notusually pumped, they can contain quite a high proportion ofliquids, such as oil or water, which is not visible as free liquid.8.5 An unconsolidated solid is
48、a material like sand or apowder. A consolidated solid consists of material, like sand-stone or concrete.8.5.1 A drum containing mixed materials, such as dispos-able personal protective equipment and laboratory supplies, istreated as one with unconsolidated solids.8.6 If the waste material is likely
49、to attack the samplingequipment, such as an acid corroding a metal thief:8.6.1 The equipment may partially dissolve, adding con-stituents, such as metals to the sample. Faulty conclusions maybe drawn about the composition of the sample, leading tocostly and unnecessary remedial actions, and8.6.2 The equipment will have to be replaced frequently,adding costs to the project.NOTE 1This flow chart should be used with Sections 8.6 to 8.8 in the text.FIG. 3 Selection of Suitable Sampling Procedure (continued)D 6063 96 (2006)78.7 When selecting equipment, it i
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