1、Designation: D6079 11Standard Test Method forEvaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-FrequencyReciprocating Rig (HFRR)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6079; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the lubricity ofdiesel fuels using a high-frequency recipro
3、cating rig (HFRR).1.2 This test method is applicable to middle distillate fuels,such as Grades No. 1-D S15, S500, and S5000, and Grades No.2-D S15, S500, and S5000 diesel fuels, in accordance withSpecification D975; and other similar petroleum-based fuelswhich can be used in diesel engines. This tes
4、t method isapplicable to biodiesel blends. B5 was included in the roundrobin program that determined the precision statement.NOTE 1It is not known that this test method will predict theperformance of all additive/fuel combinations. Additional work is under-way to establish this correlation and futur
5、e revisions of this test methodmay be necessary once this work is complete.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
6、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applicableregulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statementsare given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D975 Specification for Diesel
7、Fuel OilsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of DieselFuels b
8、y the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (SLBOCLE)E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materi-als32.2 SAE Standard:4SAE-AMS 6440 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 1.45 Cr(0.93-1.05C) (SAE 52100), for Bearing App
9、lications2.3 ISO Standard:5ISO 3290 Roller Bearings, Balls Dimensions and toler-ances3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 boundary lubrication, na condition in which thefriction and wear between two surfaces in relative motion aredetermined by the properties of the surfaces and the propertiesof the c
10、ontacting fluid, other than bulk viscosity.3.1.1.1 DiscussionMetal to metal contact occurs and thechemistry of the system is involved. Physically adsorbed orchemically reacted soft films (usually very thin) supportcontact loads. As a result, some wear is inevitable.3.1.2 lubricity, na qualitative te
11、rm describing the abilityof a fluid to affect friction between, and wear to, surfaces inrelative motion under load.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn this test method, the lubricity of afluid is evaluated by the wear scar, in microns, produced on anoscillating ball from contact with a stationary disk immersed int
12、he fluid operating under defined and controlled conditions.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 HFRRhigh frequency reciprocating rig3.2.2 WSDwear scar diameter1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.
13、E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published April 2011. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D6079041. DOI:10.1520/D6079-11.This test method was developed by ISO/TC22/SC7/WG6 and is a part of ISO1
14、2156.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical
15、 standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes sect
16、ion appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A 2-mL test specimen of fuel is placed in the testreservoir of an HFRR.4.2 A vibrator arm holding a nonrotating steel
17、 ball andloaded with a 200-g mass is lowered until it contacts a test diskcompletely submerged in the fuel. When the fuel temperaturehas stabilized, the ball is caused to rub against the disk with a1-mm stroke at a frequency of 50 Hz for 75 min.4.3 The test fuel temperature is maintained at 60C and
18、theambient relative humidity is maintained between 30 % and85 %.4.4 At the conclusion of the test, the upper specimen holderis removed from the vibrator arm and cleaned. The image ofthe wear scar is captured using the microscope digital camera,and the dimensions of the major and minor axes of the we
19、arscar are measured and recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 Diesel fuel injection equipment has some reliance onlubricating properties of the diesel fuel. Shortened life ofengine components, such as diesel fuel injection pumps andinjectors, has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in adiesel
20、 fuel.5.2 The trend of HFRR test results to diesel injection systempump component distress due to wear has been demonstratedin pump rig tests for some fuel/hardware combinations whereboundary lubrication is believed to be a factor in the operationof the component.65.3 The wear scar generated in the
21、HFRR test is sensitive tocontamination of the fluids and test materials, the temperatureof the test fuel, and the ambient relative humidity. Lubricityevaluations are also sensitive to trace contaminants acquiredduring test fuel sampling and storage.5.4 The HFRR and Scuffing Load Ball on Cylinder Lub
22、ric-ity Evaluator (SLBOCLE, Test Method D6078) are two meth-ods for evaluating diesel fuel lubricity. No absolute correlationhas been developed between the two test methods.5.5 The HFRR may be used to evaluate the relative effec-tiveness of diesel fuels for preventing wear under the pre-scribed test
23、 conditions. Correlation of HFRR test results withfield performance of diesel fuel injection systems has not yetbeen determined.5.6 This test method is designed to evaluate boundarylubrication properties. While viscosity effects on lubricity inthis test method are not totally eliminated, they are mi
24、nimized.6. Apparatus6.1 High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR),7,8(see Fig.1) capable of rubbing a steel ball loaded with a 200-g massagainst a stationary steel disk completely submerged in a testfuel. The apparatus uses a 1-mm stroke length at a frequency of50 Hz for 75 min. Complete operating con
25、ditions are listed inTable 1.6.2 Test Reservoir, capable of holding a test disk in a rigidmanner beneath the test fuel. The temperature of this reservoir,and consequently the test fuel contained in it, is maintained bymeans of a closely attached electrically controlled heater pad.6.3 Control Unit7,8
26、for controlling stroke length, frequency,test reservoir temperature, friction force, electrical contactpotential, and test duration, with an electronic data acquisitionand control system.6.4 Microscope, with Digital Camera7,8capable of 1003magnification, installed and calibrated according to manufac
27、-turer instructions, capable of capturing a crisp image of thewear scar. Camera system resolution should be a minimum of2048 3 1536 pixels. The measurement system should allowhorizontal and vertical measurement devices or cursors to bepositioned at the wear scar boundaries with an accuracy of 1micro
28、n.6.5 Cleaning Bath, ultrasonic seamless stainless steel tankwith adequate capacity and a cleaning power of 40 W orgreater.6.6 Desiccator, capable of storing test disks, balls, andhardware.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Acetone, reagent grade (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapors may cause flash fire).
29、7.2 Compressed Air, containing less than 0.1 ppmv hydro-carbons and 50 ppmv water. (WarningCompressed gasunder high pressure. Use with extreme caution in the presenceof combustible material.)7.3 Gloves, appropriate for the reagents used.7.4 Reference Fluids:7.4.1 Fluid A9High lubricity reference (Wa
30、rningFlammable). Store in clean, borosilicate glass with an alumi-num foil-lined insert cap or a fully epoxy-lined metal container.Store in dark area.6Nikanjam, M., Crosby, T., Henderson, P., Gray, C., Meyer, K, and Davenport,N., “ISO Diesel Fuel Lubricity Round Robin Program,” SAE, Paper No. 952372
31、,SAE Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Oct. 16-19, 1995, Toronto, Canada.7The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis PCS Instruments, 78 Stanley Gardens, London W3 7SZ, England.8If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM Intern
32、ational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.9Reference Fluids A and B are available from ASTM Test Monitoring Center,6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 150264489.FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of HFRR (not in
33、cludinginstrumentation)D6079 1127.4.2 Fluid B9Low lubricity reference (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful). Store in clean, borosilicate glasswith an aluminum foil-lined insert cap or a fully epoxy-linedmetal container. Store in a dark area.7.5 Heptane, reagent grade (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapor
34、s may cause flash fire.)7.6 Isooctane, reagent grade (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapors may cause flash fire.)7.7 2propanol, reagent grade (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapors may cause flash fire.)7.8 Test Ball,7,8(Grade 28 per ISO 3290) of SAE-AMS6440 steel, with a diameter of 6.00 mm, having a
35、Rockwellhardness “C” scale (HRC) number of 58 - 66, in accordancewith Test Methods E18.7.9 Test Disk,7,810 mm disk of SAE-AMS 6440 steelmachined from annealed rod, having a Vickers hardness “HV30,” in accordance with Specification E92, a scale number of190-210, turned, lapped, and polished to a surf
36、ace finish of lessthan 0.02 m Ra.7.10 Wiper, wiping tissue, light-duty, lint-free,hydrocarbon- free, disposable.8. Sampling and Sample Containers8.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples shall be taken bythe procedure described in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.8.2 Because of the sensitivity of lubr
37、icity measurements totrace materials, sample containers shall be only fully epoxy-lined metal, amber borosilicate glass, or polytetrafluorethylene(PTFE), cleaned and rinsed thoroughly at least three times withthe product to be sampled before use, as specified underContainers for Lubricity Testing in
38、 Practice D4306.8.3 New sample containers are preferred, but if not avail-able, the Containers for Lubricity Testing section of PracticeD4306 gives guidance on suitable cleaning procedures for eachtype of container.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Test Disks, (as received):9.1.1 Place disks in a clean
39、 beaker. Transfer a sufficientvolume of heptane or 50/50 isooctane/2-propanol into thebeaker to completely cover the test disks.9.1.2 Place beaker in ultrasonic cleaner and turn on for 7min.9.1.3 Handle all clean test pieces with clean forceps. Re-move the test discs and repeat the above cleaning pr
40、ocedurefrom 9.1.1 with acetone for 2 min.9.1.4 Dry and store in desiccator.NOTE 2Drying operations can be accomplished using compressed airjet at 140 to 210 kPa-pressure.9.2 Test Balls, (as received)The test balls are to becleaned following the same procedure, 9.1.1 to 9.1.4, as for thetest disks.9.
41、3 HardwareAll hardware and utensils that come intocontact with the test disks, test balls, or test fuel, shall becleaned by washing thoroughly with heptane or 50/50isooctane/2-propanol, rinsed with acetone, and dried.10. Test Apparatus Inspection and Verification10.1 Recommended Calibration Interval
42、s:10.1.1 Stroke lengthevery three months.10.1.2 Temperature probesevery twelve months.10.2 Test ApparatusVerify test apparatus performanceand accuracy at least every 20 tests by testing each referencefluid in accordance with this section. Perform one test witheach reference fluid. If the WSD for eit
43、her fluid is outside thespecified limits provided with each fluid by the ASTM TestMonitoring Center, verify that the test is performed correctly,and repeat both reference tests. If necessary, calibrate theHFRR by following the steps in the instrument manual, andthen test each of the high and low ref
44、erence fluids.11. Procedure11.1 Table 1 summarizes the test conditions.11.2 Strict adherence to cleanliness requirements and to thespecified cleaning procedures is required. During handling andinstallation procedures, protect cleaned test parts (disks, balls,reservoir, screws, heater block, and push
45、 rod) from contami-nation by using clean forceps and wearing appropriate gloves.11.3 Using forceps, place the test disk into the test reservoir,shiny side up. Secure the test disk to the test reservoir and thetest reservoir to the test apparatus. Ensure the units tempera-ture probe is properly place
46、d in the reservoir. Ensure therelative humidity in the test laboratory is between 30 % and85 %. (WarningRelative humidity is an important param-eter. Performing the test outside of the relative humidity limitswill affect the lubricity result.)11.4 Using forceps, place the test ball into the upperspe
47、cimen holder and attach the holder to the end of the vibratorarm. Ensure the holder is horizontal before fully securing theunit.11.5 Using a pipette, place 2 6 0.2 mL of the test fuel intothe test reservoir.11.6 Set the test parameters according to Table 1.11.7 Lower the vibrator arm and suspend a 2
48、00-g weightfrom the arm. Start the test.11.8 At the completion of the test, lift up the vibrator arm.Remove the upper specimen holder.11.9 Rinse the test ball (still in the holder) in cleaningsolvents and wipe and dry thoroughly with a tissue.11.10 Remove the test reservoir and properly dispose of t
49、hefuel.11.11 Place the test ball holder under the microscope andmeasure the wear scar diameter in accordance with Section 12.12. Measurement of the Wear Scar12.1 Turn on the microscope light and position the upperspecimen holder in the staging area slot at 1003 magnification.TABLE 1 Test ConditionsFluid volume 2 6 0.20 mLStroke length 1 6 0.02 mmFrequency 50 6 1HzFluid temperature 60 6 2CRelative humidity between 30 % and 85 %Applied load 200 6 1gTest duration 75 6 0.1 minBath surface area 6 6 1cm2D6079 11312.2 Adjust the stage so that the wear sc
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