1、Designation: D 6088 06Standard Practice forInstallation of Geocomposite Pavement Drains1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6088; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers recommendations and identifiespertinent areas of consideration for the installation of buriedgeocomposite drains used f
3、or highway edgedrains, under-drains, or other pavement drainage applications meeting therequirements of Specification D 7001. These recommendationsare intended as guidelines for developing a satisfactory con-struction and installation method to minimize installation-caused deformation or damage and
4、to provide long-termperformance of these products. It is also intended as a guidelinefor ensuring a stable underground environment for thesematerials under a wide range of service conditions. Because ofthe numerous and diverse product designs available and theinherent variability of natural ground c
5、onditions, achievingsatisfactory performance of any one product may requirereview by the engineer and modification to provisions con-tained herein to meet specific project requirements.1.2 The scope of this practice necessarily excludes productperformance criteria such as compressibility in any plan
6、e, flowcapacity, inlet capacity, or geotextile selection and use. It is,therefore, incumbent upon the product manufacturer, specifier,and project engineer to verify that the product specified for anintended application, when installed according to proceduresoutlined in this practice, will provide sa
7、tisfactory long termperformance according to criteria established by the owner forthat application. A commentary of product performance andinstallation factors important in achieving a satisfactory instal-lation is included in Appendix X1.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thest
8、andard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
9、 the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-mentsD 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Conta
10、inedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermo-plastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applica-tionsD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engin
11、eeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 3839 Guide for Underground Installation of “Fiberglass”(Glass-FiberReinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 7001 Specification for Ge
12、ocomposites for PavementEdge Drains and Other High-Flow ApplicationsF 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions used in this practice are in accordance withTerminologies F 412, D8, and D 653 unless otherwise indi-cated.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 agg
13、regatea granular material of mineral composi-tion such as sand, gravel, shell, slag or crushed stone (seeTerminology D8).3.2.2 dense-graded aggregatean aggregate that has aparticle size distribution such that, when it is compacted, the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
14、 Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability andFiltration.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 608897(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit
15、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
16、.resulting voids between the aggregate particles, expressed as apercentage of the total space occupied by the material, arerelatively small.3.2.3 engineerthe individual in responsible charge of thework or his duly recognized or authorized representative.3.2.4 geocomposite, na product fabricated from
17、 any com-bination of geosynthetics with geotechnical materials or othersynthetics which is used in a geotechnical application.3.2.5 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, orany other geotechnical engineering related material as an
18、integral part of a man-made project, structure or system. (SeeTerminology D 4439.)3.2.6 geotextile, nany permeable geosynthetic comprisedsolely of textiles. (See Terminology D 4439.)3.2.7 manufactured aggregatesaggregates such as slagthat are products or byproducts of a manufacturing process, ornatu
19、ral aggregates that are reduced to their final form by amanufacturing process such as crushing.3.3 open-graded aggregatean aggregate that has a par-ticle size distribution such that, when it is compacted, the voidsbetween the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage ofthe total space occupied
20、by the material, remain relativelylarge.3.4 optimum moisture contentThe moisture content of soilat which its maximum density is obtained (see Test MethodsD 698).3.5 permeability, nthe rate of flow of a liquid under adifferential pressure through a material.3.6 permeability, nof geotextiles, hydrauli
21、c conductivity.3.7 permittivity, (g), (T1), ngeotextiles, the volumetricflow rate of water per unit cross sectional area per unit headunder laminar flow conditions, in the normal direction througha geotextile. (See Terminology D 4439.)3.8 processed aggregatesaggregates that are screened,washed, mixe
22、d, or blended to produce a specific particle sizedistribution.3.9 standard proctor densitythe maximum dry unitweight of soil compacted at optimum moisture content, asobtained by laboratory test in accordance with Test MethodsD 698.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice outlines the key installation
23、 criteria thatshould be addressed for proper installation and maximumperformance of geocomposite edge or underdrain materials, orboth. The engineer should review the specifics of the system.Geocomposite drainage materials in this practice are productsmeeting Specification D 7001. Trench excavation,
24、the depth ofdrain placement, type of backfill, backfill placement, compac-tion of backfill, product fittings and equipment used duringinstallation are addressed in this practice.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to provide installation guidancefor designers, specifiers, installati
25、on contractors, regulatoryagencies, owners, and inspectors who are involved in theplanning and installation of geocomposite pavement edge-drains and underdrains. As with any standard practice, modi-fication may be required for specific project conditions or forspecial local or regional conditions. F
26、ig. 1 shows the properhorizontal alignment of the drain based on various trenchconditions outlined in 9.2, and the vertical depth of placementof the drain needed for a geocomposite edge drain to functionmost effectively as both a collector and conduit.5.2 Fig. 2 shows the typical type and arrangemen
27、t ofequipment used to install geocomposite highway edgedrains.The combination of these recommended installation condi-tions, techniques, and equipment are critical to the satisfactorylong term performance of these products.6. Inspection, Handling, and Storage6.1 InspectionUpon receipt, inspect each
28、shipment ofpipe, geocomposite, and fittings for conformance to productspecifications and contract documents, and check for damage.The engineer should reject damaged, deformed, crushed, ornonconforming material and remove from the project.6.2 Handling and StorageHandle and store the material insuch a
29、 way as to prevent damage. Protect all geotextilematerials from sunlight exposure until immediately beforeinstallation.7. Backfill Materials7.1 Backfill material selection and placement methodshould be based primarily on achieving adequate compactionwithout damaging the drainage panel, while also ac
30、hievingintimate contact with the trench wall or backfill material, orboth. Excessive compaction efforts may damage geocompositedrainage materials and should be avoided. Skid vibratorycompactors that are used in the trench adjacent to the panel,can damage the panel if not properly aligned and operate
31、d.Free flowing materials, such as pea size crushed stone and dryor moist sand is suitable in most cases and should be placed in150 mm (6 in.) lifts. Placement of sand backfill can be done byflushing or puddling, but this should be used only whenapproved by the engineer. Post-installation settlement
32、in thebackfill will occur if the backfill is not properly densified.Significant settlement can cause shoulder drop-off settlementand other pavement distress problems and structure damage tothe panels. Permeability of the backfill material must also beconsidered; open-graded backfills will promote hi
33、gher groundwater flow to the drainage system, will provide a larger sink forcollecting water, and will also provide additional flow areaduring maximum rainfall events. Soil migration from adjacentsoils (trench walls) must be considered when using opengraded backfills.7.2 ClassificationMaterials for
34、potential use as embed-ment and backfill of various components of subsurface drain-age systems are classified in Fig. 3. They include natural,manufactured, and processed aggregates and the soil typesclassified according to Classification D 2487. Processed mate-rials produced for highway construction
35、 (including coarseaggregate, base, subbase, and surface course materials) whenused for embedment and backfill, should be classified inaccordance with this section and Fig. 3 according to particlesize, shape, and gradation.7.3 Installation and UseFig. 4 provides recommendationson installation and use
36、 based on class of soil or aggregates.D60880627.3.1 Use of Class III Soils and AggregatesThese mate-rials may be used as recommended in Fig. 4, provided thepermeability of the material is adequate and approved by theengineer.7.3.2 Use of Class IVA, Class IVB and Class V Soils andFrozen MaterialsThes
37、e materials are not recommended forbackfill and shall be excluded from the final backfill exceptwhere approved by the engineer.7.4 Description of Backfill MaterialSections 7.4.1through 7.4.5 describe characteristics of materials recom-mended for backfill. Consideration must be given to thepotential
38、for migration of fines from adjacent materials into thebackfill (see appendix).7.4.1 Class IA MaterialsClass IA materials provide maxi-mum stability and support for a given density due to angularinterlock of particles. With minimum effort, these materials canbe installed in relatively high densities
39、 over a wide range ofmoisture contents. The high permeability of Class IA materialscan aid in the performance of these drainage systems. How-ever, careful consideration must be given to the potential formigration of fines from adjacent materials into the open-gradedClass IA materials.7.4.2 Class IB
40、MaterialsClass IB materials are processedby mixing Class IA and natural or processed sands to producea particle size distribution that minimizes migration fromadjacent materials that contain fines. They are more denselygraded than Class IA materials and thus require more compac-tive effort to achiev
41、e the minimum density specified. Whenproperly compacted, Class IB materials offer high stiffness andstrength. Class IB materials may be relatively free draining, butthe amount and gradation of fines must be controlled.7.4.3 Class II MaterialsClass II materials provide arelatively high level of struc
42、tural support. Open graded groupsmay allow migration and gradations shall be checked forcompatibility with adjacent material. Typically, Class II mate-rials consist of rounded particles and are less stable thanangular materials unless they are confined and compacted.7.4.4 Class III MaterialsClass II
43、I materials provide lesssupport for a given density than Class I or Class II materials.Higher levels of compactive effort may be required unlessmoisture content is carefully controlled. These materials pro-vide satisfactory levels of structural support once properdensity is achieved. Fines content s
44、hould be minimized foroptimum permeability.7.4.5 Class IVA MaterialsClass IVA materials require ageotechnical evaluation prior to use. These materials may notbe appropriate due to poor permeability or water causedinstability, particularly under wheel loads.FIG. 1 Typical Type and Arrangement of Drai
45、nD6088063NOTE1Drainpositioninggateshouldbelocatedandadjustedtoposition,andholdthegeocompositedrainagainstthetrenchwall,topreventpossible“J”ingor“C”ingofthedrainduringbackfillingandcompaction.FIG.2ProperHorizontalAlignmentD60880647.5 Moisture Content of Embedment MaterialThe mois-ture content of embe
46、dment materials must be within suitablelimits to permit placement and compaction to required densitylevels with reasonable effort.7.6 Maximum Aggregate SizeTo enhance placementaround geocomposite drains and to prevent damage to thesestructures, the maximum aggregate size should be 19 mm (0.75in.).8.
47、 Trench Excavation8.1 GeneralProcedures for trench excavation that areespecially important in the installation of geocomposite drainsare given herein.8.1.1 ExcavationExcavate trenches to ensure that sideswill be stable and smooth.NOTE 1The Attenberg Limits shown in this figure are determined per Tes
48、t Method D 4318.FIG. 3 Classification of Materials for Potential Use as Embedment and Backfill of Various Components of Subsurface DrainageSystemsD60880658.2 Water ControlDo not lay or embed geocompositepavement drains in standing or flowing water.8.3 Trench WidthTrench width must be sufficient to p
49、ro-vide adequate space for compaction of the backfill usingcompaction equipment without damaging the geocompositedrainage panel. Specially designed equipment or premiumbackfill material (such as IA, IB, or II), or both, may enablesatisfactory installation in narrower trenches. If it is determinedthat the use of such equipment and backfill provides aninstallation consistent with the requirements of this standard,minimum trench widths may be reduced, as approved by theengineer.9. Installation9.1 GeneralRecommendations for use of the varioustypes of
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