1、Designation: D 6102 06Standard Guide forInstallation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers directions for the installation ofgeosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) under field conditions typi-cally present in environmental lini
3、ng applications.1.2 This guide contains general installation guidelines. It isnot intended to replace project-specific installation require-ments as found in the contract drawings or specifications. Inthe event of a conflict, the requirement of the project specifi-cations will supersede the requirem
4、ents of this guide.1.3 This guide does not purport to establish specific proce-dure for all climatic, geographical, hydraulic, or topographicalconditions that may exist at a site. Appropriate installationprocedures under atypical field conditions should be modifiedas necessary to maintain the integr
5、ity of the GCL and adjacentlining system components.1.4 Different GCLs have different materials of constructionwith different physical properties. The procedures contained inthis guide, therefore, may not be universally applicable to allGCLs under all field conditions.1.5 This standard does not purp
6、ort to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 6
7、53 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5888 Guide for Storage and Handling of GeosyntheticClay Liners3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of other geosynthetic termsused in this guide, refer to Terminology D 4439. For definitionsof s
8、oils terms, refer to Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3 geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), na manufactured hy-draulic barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers ofgeosynthetics.4. Significance and Use4.1 For optimum performance, GCLs must be installed in
9、 amanner that does not impact their physical, mechanical, orhydraulic properties.4.2 This guide identifies the proper installation proceduresand equipment for use by GCL designers, inspectors, andinstallers.5. Procedure5.1 The methods and equipment used for placement of theGCL can vary, but the prim
10、ary objective of the process is tominimize the potential for GCL damage. The placementmethods and equipment should be evaluated appropriatelywithin this context.5.2 Subgrade Preparation:5.2.1 For projects where the GCL is to be placed over anearthen subgrade, the subgrade surface must be prepared an
11、dapproved prior to installation in accordance either with projectspecifications or with this guide. The surface should be firmand unyielding, with no abrupt elevation changes, voids andcracks, ice, or standing water.5.2.2 The subgrade surface should be smooth and free ofvegetation, sharp-edged rocks
12、, stones, sticks, constructiondebris, and other foreign matter that could contact the GCL.The subgrade surface shall be compacted in accordance withthe project specifications. At a minimum, the subgrade shouldbe rolled with a smooth-drum compactor of sufficient weight toremove any excessive wheel ru
13、ts, footprints, or other abrupt1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D 35.04 on Geosynthetic ClayLiners.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edit
14、ion approved in 2004 as D 6102 - 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internati
15、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.grade changes. Excessive rutting should be clearly defined andquantified. In some cases 25 mm is the maximum rut depthallowed. Furthermore, all protrusions extending more than 12mm from the subgrade surface sha
16、ll either be removed,crushed, or pushed into the surface with a smooth-drumcompactor.5.3 GCL Placement:5.3.1 All handling of the GCL at the job site should beconducted in accordance with Guide D 5888.5.3.2 GCL rolls are to be delivered to the working area ofthe site in their original packaging. Imme
17、diately prior todeployment, the packaging shall be carefully removed withoutdamaging the GCL.NOTE 1The orientation of the GCL (that is, which side faces up) maybe important and shall be in accordance with the engineers requirements.5.3.3 No equipment that could damage the GCL shall beallowed to trav
18、el directly on the GCL. Acceptable installation,for example, may be accomplished such that the GCL isunrolled in front of the backwards-moving deployment equip-ment, such as a front-end loader or bulldozer. If the equipmentcauses rutting of the subgrade, the subgrade must be restored toits originall
19、y accepted condition before placement continues.5.3.4 Care must be taken to minimize the extent to whichthe GCL is repositioned across the subgrade in order tominimize damage to the subgrade and to the bottom surface ofthe GCL. A temporary geosynthetic subgrade covering com-monly known as a slip she
20、et or rub sheet may be used to reducefriction damage during placement.5.3.5 The GCL should be placed so that seams are parallelto the direction of the slope. Other industry-accepted practicesfor installing geosynthetics on slopes shall be followed whereappropriate, to help ensure that the stability
21、and performance ofthe GCL is adequate.5.3.6 All GCL should lie flat on the underlying surface, withno wrinkles or folds, especially at the exposed edges of thepanels.5.3.7 Only as much GCL shall be deployed per working dayas can be covered in accordance with 5.8. The GCL shall becovered overnight.NO
22、TE 2If the GCL is hydrated when no confining stress is present, itmay be necessary to remove and replace the hydrated material. The projectengineer, Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) inspector, and GCLsupplier should be consulted for specific guidance if premature hydrationis suspected to have oc
23、curred.5.3.8 The GCL should not be installed when it is frozen.5.3.9 If GCLis placed over geosynthetic, care must be takenas to not damage underlying material with high groundpressure equipment directly on the geosynthetic.5.4 Anchorage:5.4.1 At the top of a slope, the end of the GCL roll may beplac
24、ed in an anchor trench in accordance with the projectdrawings and specifications. The front edge of the trenchshould be rounded so as to eliminate any sharp corners thatcould cause excessive stress on the GCL.5.4.2 If a trench is used for anchoring the end of the GCL,soil backfill should be placed i
25、n the trench to provide resistanceagainst pullout. The size and shape of the trench, as well as theappropriate backfill procedures, should be in accordance withthe project drawings and specifications.5.5 Seaming:5.5.1 GCL seams are constructed by overlapping theiradjacent edges. Care should be taken
26、 to ensure that the overlapzone is not contaminated with loose soil or other debris. Theoverlap may require supplemental (powdered or granular)bentonite as directed by the project specifications.Geomembrane-based GCLs also may be welded together.NOTE 3Alternate seaming methods may be approved.5.5.2
27、Unless otherwise specified, the minimum dimensionof the longitudinal overlap should be 150 mm. End-of-rolloverlapped seams should be constructed similarly but theminimum overlap should measure 500 mm. Care should betaken to maintain these overlap dimensions at the time ofcovering in all climatic con
28、ditions.5.5.3 Seams should be constructed such that they areshingled in the direction of the grade in a manner that preventsthe potential for flow entering the overlap zone.5.6 Sealing Around Penetrations and Structures:5.6.1 Cutting the GCL should be accomplished using asharp utility knife. Frequen
29、t blade changes are recommendedto avoid damage to the synthetic components of the GCLduring the cutting process.5.6.2 The GCL shall be sealed around pipe penetrations andstructures embedded in the subgrade in accordance with thedesign drawings or as recommended by the manufacturer.Examples of these
30、details are presented in X1.1.5.6.3 Contact manufacturer regarding attachments to struc-tures.5.7 Damage RepairIf the GCL is damaged (torn, punc-tured, perforated, and so forth) either the entire GCL must bereplaced or the affected area must be repaired by cutting apatch to fit above or below the da
31、maged area. The patch shallbe obtained from a new GCL roll and shall be cut to size suchthat a minimum overlap of 300 mm is achieved around all partsof the damaged area. Dry bentonite or bentonite mastic shouldbe applied around the damaged area prior to placement of thepatch. It may be desired to us
32、e an adhesive or other approvedmeans to affix the patch in place so that it is not displacedduring cover placement.5.8 Cover Placement:5.8.1 Cover soils shall be free of sharp-edged stones or otherforeign matter that could damage the GCL. Cover soils shouldbe an approved material with respect to par
33、ticle size unifor-mity, moisture content, and chemical compatibility.NOTE 4Recommended cover soils typically have a well-graded par-ticle size distribution ranging between fines and 25 mm. Soils with greaterthan 50 % of material (by weight) larger than 20 mm may require afield-scale test using the p
34、roposed subgrade surface, cover soil, andplacement and compaction equipment. Following construction of the testpad, the GCL should be hydrated for a minimum of 48 h and subjected tothe traffic loading necessary to simulate field conditions. The GCL thencan be exhumed and inspected for any damage to
35、the synthetic compo-nents of the GCL and for areas of bentonite displacement.5.8.2 Soil cover shall be placed over the GCL using con-struction equipment that minimizes stresses on the GCL. Aminimum of 300 mm of cover shall be maintained between theD6102062equipment tires/tracks and the GCL at all ti
36、mes during thecovering process. The minimum thickness recommendationshould be increased in frequently trafficked areas or roadwaysand for high ground pressure equipment. Construction of a testpad as described in 5.8.1 is recommended for these areas.5.8.3 Soil cover should be placed in a manner that
37、preventsthe soil from entering the GCL overlap zones.5.8.4 A temporary cover consisting of a waterproof tarpau-lin or plastic sheet to protect GCLend-of-roll until constructionthe next day is acceptable, provided that the sheet is adequatelyballasted and that water cannot enter from the sides.5.8.5
38、When another geosynthetic material is placed over theGCL, care must be taken to avoid using equipment andconstruction practices that could damage the GCL.NOTE 5Although direct vehicular contact with the GCL is to beavoided, lightweight, low ground pressure vehicles (such as 4-wheelall-terrain vehicl
39、es) may be used to facilitate the installation of theoverlying geosynthetic. The project engineer should be contacted withspecific recommendations on the appropriate procedures in this situation.NOTE 6When a textured geomembrane is installed over the GCL, atemporary geosynthetic covering known as a
40、slip sheet or rub sheet maybe used to minimize friction during placement and to allow the texturedgeomembrane to be more easily moved into its final position.5.9 Hydration:5.9.1 In cases where the containment of non-aqueous liq-uids is required, it may be necessary to hydrate the coveredGCL with wat
41、er prior to use. Hydration may be accomplished(provided that the clay component of the GCL is covered bypermeable materials) by introducing water into the contain-ment area, either by flooding or by the use of sprinklers. TheGCL supplier should be contacted for specific procedures ifmanual hydration
42、 is necessary.6. Keywords6.1 geosynthetic clay liner; GCL; installationAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. GCL DrawingsX1.1 Fig. X1.1, Fig. X1.2, Fig. X1.3, and Fig. X1.4 depictFIG. X1.1 Pipe Penetration Cross-SectionD6102063methods that can be employed to connect a GCL to penetra-tions and struct
43、ures. It is the engineers responsibility tomodify and adapt the drawing as necessary to account forproject-specific products and conditions. In the event of anyconflict between these drawings and the project drawings andspecifications, the project-specific information shall supersedethe information
44、in this appendix.FIG. X1.2 Pipe Penetration Isometric ViewD6102064FIG. X1.3 GCL Wall Seal-Cross SectionD6102065ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advise
45、d that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either re
46、approved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If y
47、ou feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. X1.4 Attachments to FootingsD6102066
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