1、Designation: D 6117 97 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Methods forMechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe use of plastic lumber and shapes often involves the use of mechanical fasteners, such as nails,screws, bolts,
3、 lag screws, and connectors. Data on the strength and performance of such fasteners arefrequently needed for design and for comparative purposes. Presented herewith are methods ofconducting tests for nail, staple and screw withdrawal resistance and lateral load transmission by nail,staple, screw, an
4、d bolt. The use of standard methods for these tests is recommended as a means ofobtaining comparable data and of eliminating variables in test results because of variation in testingmethods.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of fastener usewith “as manufactured” plastic lumber and s
5、hapes through theuse of two different testing procedures.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionsTest Method ANail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test 4 to 13Test Method BLateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test 14 to 221.3 Plastic lumber and plastic shapes are currently madep
6、redominately from recycled plastics. However, these testmethods would also be applicable to similar manufacturedplastic products made from virgin resins where the product isnon-homogeneous in the cross-section.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The SI units give
7、n in brackets are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory li
8、mitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1761 Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in WoodD 5033 Guide for Development of ASTM Standards Relat-ing to Recycling and Use of Recycled P
9、lasticsD 6111 Test Method for Bulk Density And Specific Gravityof Plastic Lumber and Shapes by DisplacementE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines2.2 ANSI Standards:3B18.61 American National Standard for Slotted and HeadWood Screws3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 plastic lumber, n
10、a manufactured product composedof more than 50 weight percent resin, and in which the productgenerally is rectangular in cross-section and typically suppliedin board and dimensional lumber sizes, may be filled orunfilled, and may be composed of single or multiple resinblends.1These test methods are
11、under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.20 on PlasticProducts (Section D20.20.01).Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 6117 - 97.2Fo
12、r referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25
13、 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 plastic shape, nmanufactured product composed ofmore than 50 weight percent resin, and in which the productgenerally is not rectangular
14、in cross-section, may be filled orunfilled, and may be composed of single or multiple resinblends.3.1.3 resin, na solid or pseudosolid organic material oftenof high molecular weight, which exhibits a tendency to flowwhen subjected to stress, usually has a softening or meltingrange, and usually fract
15、ures conchoidally. (See TerminologyD 883.)3.1.3.1 DiscussionIn a broad sense, the term is used todesignate any polymer that is basic material for plastics.3.2 Additional definition of terms applying to these testmethods appear in Terminology D 883 and Guide D 5033.TEST METHOD ANAIL, STAPLE, OR SCREW
16、WITHDRAWAL TEST4. Scope4.1 This test method provides a basic procedure for evalu-ating the resistance or plastic lumber and shapes materials todirect withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes areincluded as nails in this test method.4.2 This test method also provides a basis for determiningco
17、mparable performance of different types and sizes of nails,staples, and screws in direct withdrawal from plastic lumberand shapes.5. Summary of Test Method5.1 Specimens consist of “as manufactured” plastic lumberand shapes, with nails, staples, or screws driven at right anglesto one or more faces. T
18、he fasteners are withdrawn at a uniformrate of speed by means of a testing machine, and the maximumload is recorded. Supplementary physical properties of theplastic lumber and shapes are also determined.6. Significance and Use6.1 The resistance of plastic lumber and shapes to directwithdrawal of nai
19、ls, staples, or screws is a measure of its abilityto hold or be held to an adjoining object by means of suchfasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawal resistance includethe physical and mechanical properties of the plastic lumberand shapes; the size, shape, and surface condition of thefasteners;
20、 the speed of withdrawal; physical changes to plasticlumber and shapes or fasteners between time of driving andtime of withdrawal; orientation of fiber axis; the occurrenceand nature of prebored lead holes; and the temperatures duringinsertion and withdrawal. These factors will be as circum-stances
21、dictate, and representative of the normal manufacturingprocess.6.2 By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, orscrew, withdrawal resistance of plastic lumber and shapes canbe determined. Throughout the method this is referred to as thebasic withdrawal test. Similarly, comparative performanc
22、es ofdifferent sizes or types of nail, staple, or screw can bedetermined by using a standard procedure with a particularplastic lumber and shape, which eliminates the plastic lumberand shapes product as a variable. Since differences in testmethods can have considerable influence on results, it isimp
23、ortant that a standard procedure be specified and adheredto, if test values are to be related to other test results.7. Apparatus7.1 Testing MachineAny suitable testing machine that iscapable of operation at a constant rate of motion of themovable head and has an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated inac
24、cordance with Test Methods E4.7.2 GripsA gripping device shaped to fit the base of thefastener head and of such a design as to allow accurateclamping assembly that will hold the specimen to one platen ofthe machine is also required. A suitable test mechanism forscrew withdrawal is illustrated in Fig
25、. 1.8. Test Nails, Staples, or Screws8.1 Nails:8.1.1 Nails used for basic withdrawal tests shall bediamond-point round-wire, low-carbon-steel nails nominally0.148 in. 3.76 mm in diameter and 3 in. 76 mm in length(See Note 2). Use each nail only once.NOTE 2A 10d galvanized common steel wire nail meet
26、s this require-ment.8.1.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes ortypes of nails in plastic lumber and shapes, the respective sizesand types of nail will be as circumstances dictate. These nailsshall be representative of the normal manufacturing process,and special cleaning of the shank
27、 shall normally not beundertaken.8.2 Staples:8.2.1 Staples used for basic leg withdrawal resistance shallbe nominally 2.0-in. 51-mm long,716-in. 11-mm crown, 15gage (0.072-in. 1.83-mm) galvanized steel staples. Use eachstaple only once.8.2.2 For determining holding ability of different types orsizes
28、 of staples in plastic lumber and shapes, the respectivestaples shall be representative of the normal manufacturingprocess, and special cleaning of the legs shall not normally beundertaken.8.3 Screws:8.3.1 Screws used for basic withdrawal tests shall be nomi-nally 1-in. 25-mm No. 10gage flathead low
29、-carbon-steelwood screws as described in ANSI B18.61. Use each screwonly once.8.3.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes andtypes of screws in plastic lumber and shapes, the respectivesize and types of screw will be as circumstances dictate. Thesescrews shall be representative of the n
30、ormal manufacturingprocess.9. Sampling9.1 Sampling should provide for selection of representativetest materials on an objective and unbiased basis, covering anappropriate range in density and properties as circumstancessuggest.9.2 The tests should be sufficiently extensive to providereliable results
31、. Where analysis by statistical procedures iscontemplated, experience and sometimes advance estimatesD 6117 97 (2005)2can be used to establish the scope of testing and type ofsampling needed to achieve the expected reliability.NOTE 3The precision required, and thus the manner of sampling andnumber o
32、f tests, will depend upon specific objectives. No specific criteriatherefore can be established. General experience indicates that thecoefficient of variation from tests of fasteners ranges from about 15 to30 %. When such is the case, precision of 5 to 10 %, with 95 % confidence(an often accepted ge
33、neral measure of reliability for testing of woodproducts) cannot be achieved without making a rather large number oftests. The present recommendation is to make at least ten replications foreach variable as a minimum requirement.10. Test Specimen10.1 Nail and Staple Withdrawal10.1.1 For basic withdr
34、awal tests from plastic lumber, cutthe test specimens to length from the “as manufactured”profile. Drive nails of the type outlined in 8.1.1 and staples ofthe type outlined in 8.2.1 at right angles to the face of thespecimen to a minimum total penetration of 114 in. 32 mm.With the specimen oriented
35、in a flatwise (plank) position, drivetwo fasteners into the top face (width), two into the side face(height), and one into each end. End and edge distances shallbe sufficient to avoid splitting. In general, edge distancesshould not be less than 112 in. 38 mm and two fasteners shallnot be driven in l
36、ine with each other or less than 2 in. 50 mmapart on the top and side faces. Drive nails manually with ahammer. Insert staples with an appropriate tool, as nearly aspossible perpendicular to the specimen surface, with the staplecrown at a 45 (610) angle to the axial dimension of thespecimen.10.1.2 F
37、or basic withdrawal tests from plastic shapes, thetest specimen shall be a single thickness of the “as manufac-tured” product. Drive nails of the type outlined in 8.1.1 thoughthe specimen at right angles to the face, permitting at least12in. 13 mm of the shank portion to remain above the surface.Dri
38、ve nails manually by means of a hammer. Insert staples withan appropriate tool as in 10.1.1, with the staple crown orientedat a 45 (610) angle to the axial dimension of the specimen.10.1.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-lar sizes and shapes of nails or staples in plastic lumber
39、 andshapes, the specimen shall be of convenient size to accommo-date the quantity of fasteners to be tested in each specimen,without exceeding the edge and end distances and spacingnecessary to avoid splitting. In plastic lumber and shapes, drivefasteners to 70 % of their length; in plastic lumber a
40、nd shapesless than 1-in. 25-mm thick, drive them completely throughthe thickness with at least12 in. 13 mm of the shank portionremaining above the surface. Drive the fasteners by the methodintended to be used in practice, that is, either manually with ahammer, or with an applicator or appropriate to
41、ol if this is thenormal method.FIG. 1 Diagram of Assembly for Screw Withdrawal TestD 6117 97 (2005)310.1.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced bythe material in which the fastener is to be driven, drive thefastener through the fastened member (cleat) into the basefastening member.10.2 S
42、crew Withdrawal:10.2.1 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic lumber, cutthe test specimens to length from the “as manufactured”profile. With the specimen oriented in a flatwise (plank)position, thread two screws of the type outlined in 8.3.1 intolead holes at right angles to the top face (width),
43、two into theside face (height), and one into each end, each to a totalpenetration equal to the length of the threaded portion. End andedge distance shall be sufficient to avoid splitting. that ingeneral will be at least34 in. 19 mm from the edge and 112in. 38 mm from the end, and spacing will be at
44、least 212 in.63 mm apart on the top and side faces.10.2.2 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic shapes, thetest specimen shall be a single thickness of the “as manufac-tured” product. The depth of the specimen shall be at leastequal to the length of the screw. Thread screws of the typeoutlined in
45、8.3.1 into the specimen a distance of23 in. 17 mmat midwidth, at least 2 in. 50 mm from the end of thespecimen. The size of lead hole shall be 70 % of the rootdiameter of the screw and it shall extend12 in. 13 mm into theface of the specimen.10.2.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of partic
46、u-lar sizes and types of screws in plastic lumber and shapes, thespecimen shall be of convenient size to accommodate thequantity of screws to be tested in each specimen, withoutexceeding the edge and end distances and spacing necessary toavoid splitting. Thread screws into the specimen for the lengt
47、hof the threaded portion of the shank or two thirds of the shanklength, if it is threaded throughout. The size of lead hole, if oneis to be drilled, shall be 70 % of the root diameter of the screwfor a distance of one half of the screw length.10.2.3.1 If the withdrawal resistance may be influenced b
48、ythe material through which the screw is to be threaded, threadthe screw through the fastened member (cleat) into the basefastening member.11. Conditioning11.1 Nail, staple, and screw withdrawal tests are conductedon the final “as manufactured” end product. Store the nail,staple, screw and the plast
49、ic lumber and shapes in a roomhaving a controlled temperature of 73.4 6 3.6F 23 6 2Cand a controlled relative humidity of 50 6 5 % for a period of48 h. Conditioning may be altered as circumstances dictate tobe representative of the normal manufacturing process.12. Procedure12.1 GeneralExcept for special circumstances requiringimmediate withdrawal (See Note 4), withdraw fasteners after aminimum period of 24 h and no longer than 48 h.NOTE 4Due to localized heating of the specimen, immediate with-drawal will result in
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