1、Designation: D6145 97 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forMonitoring Sediment in Watersheds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSoil erosion and resulting sedimentation is the major cause of nonpoint source pollution thatthreatens water resources. These impacts inclu
3、de: impaired aquatic habitat; destruction of sport andcommercial fisheries and shellfisheries; lost reservoir capacity for flood control, power generation, andstorage of potable water supplies; excessive flooding; impaired navigation; aggradation of irrigationand drainage channels; lost productivity
4、 of lands swamped by deposition and infertile overwash;increased levels of water treatment; lost or declined recreational opportunities; and impaired aestheticvalues. The amount of sediment in a stream can affect channel shape, sinuosity, and the relativebalance between riffles and pools. Excessive
5、sediment in a stream causes a decrease in channelcapacity which in turn results in more frequent and larger out of bank floods. In addition to the adversephysical effects of sediment loads, many nutrients, pesticides, and heavy metals are sorbed onto finesediment particles which may result in eutrop
6、hic or toxic waters. Indirect effects of increased sedimentloads may include increased stream temperatures and decreased intergravel dissolved oxygen levels.This guide recommends a process for developing and implementing monitoring projects forsediment in a watershed. It follows Guide D5851 with mor
7、e specifics applicable to watersheds andsediment.These guidelines are presented for use in the nationwide strategy for monitoring developed by theIntergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring (ITFM). The nationwide monitoring strategy is an effortto improve the technical aspects of water monitoring to
8、support sound water-quality decision-making.It is needed to integrate monitoring activities more effectively and economically and to achieve abetter return of investments in monitoring projects (1)2.This guide is offered as a guide for standardizing methods used in projects to monitor and evaluateac
9、tual and potential nonpoint and point source sediment pollution within a watershed. The guide isapplicable to landscapes and surface water resources, recognizing the need for a comprehensiveunderstanding of naturally occurring and manmade impacts to the entire watershed hydrologic system.1. Scope1.1
10、 PurposeThis guide is intended to provide generalguidance on a watershed monitoring program directed towardsediment. The guide offers a series of general steps withoutsetting forth a specific course of action. It gives advice forestablishing a monitoring program, not an implementationprogram.1.2 Sed
11、imentation as referred to in this guide is the detach-ment, entrainment, transportation, and deposition of erodedsoil and rock particles. Specific types or parameters of sedi-ment may include: suspended sediment, bedload, bed material,turbidity, wash load, sediment concentration, total load, sedi-me
12、nt deposits, particle size distribution, sediment volumes andparticle chemistry. Monitoring may include not only sedimentssuspended in water but sediments deposited in fields, flood-plains, and channel bottoms.1.3 This guide applies to surface waters as found in streamsand rivers; lakes, ponds, rese
13、rvoirs, estuaries, and wetlands.1.4 LimitationsThis guide does not establish a standardprocedure to follow in all situations and it does not cover thedetail necessary to define all of the needs of a particularmonitoring objective or project. Other standards and guidesincluded in the reference and st
14、andard sections describe in1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeD19 on Water and isthe direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02 on Quality Systems, Specification,and Statistics.Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previou
15、s edition approved in 2007 as D6145 97 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/D6145-97R12.2The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of this standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.detail the pro
16、cedures, equipment, operations, and site selectionfor collecting, measuring, analyzing, and monitoring sedimentand related constituants.1.5 Additional ASTM and US Geological Survey standardsapplicable to sediment monitoring are listed in Appendix X1and Appendix X2. Due to the large number of optiona
17、lstandards and procedures involved in sediment monitoring,most individual standards are not referenced in this document.Standards and procedures have been grouped in the appendicesaccording to the type of analyses or sampling that would berequired for a specific type of measurement or monitoring.1.6
18、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
19、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in MotionD4581 Guide for Measurement of Morphologic Character-istics of Surface Water BodiesD4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD5
20、851 Guide for Planning and Implementing a WaterMonitoring Program3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer toDefinitions D1129 and Terminology D4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assessto determine the significance, value, and i
21、m-portance of the data collected and recorded.3.2.2 best management practice (BMP)a practice or com-bination of practices that are determined by state or area-wideplanning agencies to be the most effective and practical meansof controlling point and nonpoint pollution.3.2.3 hydrographa graphical rep
22、resentation of the dis-charge, stage, velocity, available power, or other property ofstream flow at a point with respect to time.3.2.4 measurementdetermining the value of a character-istic within a representative sample or in situ determinations ofselected components of riverine, lacustrine, or estu
23、arine sys-tems.3.2.5 nonpoint source pollutiona condition of waterwithin a water body caused by the presence of undesirablematerials that enter the water system from diffuse locationswith no particular point of origin.3.2.6 resource management system (RMS)a combinationof conservation practices ident
24、ified by the primary use of theland that will protect the soil resource base, maintain accept-able water quality, and maintain acceptable ecological andmanagement levels for the selected resource use.3.2.7 watershedall lands enclosed by a continuous hydro-logic surface drainage divide and lying upsl
25、ope from a speci-fied point on a stream.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used in the planning stageor phase of developing a sediment monitoring program. Thisguide is an assembly of the components common to all aspectsof watershed sediment monitoring and fulfills a need in thed
26、evelopment of a common framework for a better coordinatedand a more unified approach to sediment monitoring inwatersheds.4.2 The user of this guide is not assumed to be a trainedtechnical practitioner in the water quality, sedimentation, orhydrology fields. The intended users are managers and plan-n
27、ers who need information to develop a water quality moni-toring program or project with an emphasis in sediment andhydrology. Sediment specialists will also find information onprocedures, equipment, methodology, and operations to con-duct a monitoring program.4.3 This guide is used during the planni
28、ng process ofdeveloping, designing, and reevaluating a sediment monitoringprogram.5. Monitoring Purpose5.1 A watershed monitoring program for sediment is com-prised of a series of steps designed to collect sediment andrelated flow data in order to achieve a stated objective. Thepurposes of monitorin
29、g may be several and include: analyzingtrends, establishing baseline conditions, studying the fate andtransport of sediment and associated pollutants, defining criti-cal source areas, assessing compliance, measuring the effec-tiveness of management practices, project monitoring, imple-mentation moni
30、toring, making wasteload allocations, testingmodels, defining a water quality problem, and conductingresearch.5.2 Monitoring to analyze trends is used to determine howwater quality or sediment load changes over time. Normally,measurements will be made at regular well-spaced time inter-vals in order
31、to determine the long term trend in somesedimentation parameter. Typically the observations are nottaken specifically to evaluate BMPs or management activities,water quality models, or water quality standards, althoughtrend data may be utilized, in part, for one of these otherpurposes.5.3 Baseline m
32、onitoring is used to characterize existingsediment or water quality conditions, and to establish a database for planning or future comparisons. Baseline monitoringshould capture as much of the temporal variations as possiblein order to assess seasonal and long term climatic influencesupon runoff and
33、 sediment yield. In some cases baselinemonitoring is included as the early stage of trend monitoring.5.4 Fate and transport monitoring is conducted to determinewhether sediment and associated pollutants move and wherethey may go.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, o
34、rcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D6145 97 (2012)25.5 Sediment monitoring can be used to locate criticalsource areas within watersheds exhibiting greater pollution or
35、loading potential than other areas.5.6 Sediment monitoring may also be used to assess com-pliance with water quality management plans or standards.This is the monitoring used to determine whether specifiedwater-quality criteria are being met. The criteria may benumerical (quantitative) or descriptiv
36、e (qualitative).5.7 Sediment monitoring may assess the effectiveness ofindividual management practices or resource managementsystems for improving water quality or, in some cases, may beused to evaluate the effect of an entire program in a watershed.Evaluating individual BMPs may require detailed an
37、d special-ized measurements made at the practice site or immediatelyadjacent to the management practice. Monitoring the overalleffectiveness of BMPs is usually done in the stream channeland it may be difficult to relate measured values to individualpractices.5.8 Implementation monitoring may assess
38、whether BMPswere installed or implemented, or if significant land useschanges occurred. Typically this activity is carried out as anadministrative review or a monitoring of landuse changes. Onits own, however, implementation monitoring cannot directlylink management activities to water quality or se
39、diment yield,as no actual sediment or water measurements were taken.5.9 Monitoring of water bodies receiving runoff and sedi-ment or other suspended loads can be used to make wasteloadallocations between various point and nonpoint sources. Suchallocations require good knowledge of the individual con
40、tribu-tions from each source.5.10 Sediment monitoring may be used to fit, calibrate, ortest a model for local conditions. Sediment monitoring may beused to evaluate samplers, rainfall simulators, runoff collectiondevices and other related instruments or devices for researchpurposes.5.11 Finally, sed
41、iment monitoring may be used to giveadequate definition to a water quality problem or determinewhether a sediment related problem exists.5.12 Guide D5851 provides overall guidance on watermonitoring and provides detailed information on purposes ofmonitoring water quality. Additional information on p
42、urposesof watershed monitoring is provided in USDA-NRCS WaterQuality Monitoring Handbook (2), the ITFM reports (1, 3, 4,5), and EPA Guidelines (6, 7).6. Monitoring Components6.1 This guide suggests and discusses the following steps indesigning a watershed monitoring program for sediment. Moredetail
43、on each step may be found in USDA-NRCS MonitoringHandbook (2).6.1.1 Identify NeedThe first step is to define the need forwater quality monitoring. The need statement should includeseveral components: the potential or real water quality issuerequiring attention, the potential use impairment or threat
44、s, thename of the actual water resource(s), and finally the potentialsources that may cause the problem(s) (2). Very often the needis to identify a water quality problem but in some cases, theneed may be to assess the existing water quality whether aproblem exists or not. An example of a need statem
45、ent mightbe: “The decline in shellfish in Big Bay is due to acceleratedsedimentation caused by excessive erosion from forestry op-erations within the Trout Brook watershed.” Since sedimentmay originate or become resuspended from a vast variety ofnonpoint and point sources, the cause(s) of the sedime
46、ntproblem may be difficult to establish or distinguish unlessdetailed monitoring plans are implemented.6.2 Monitoring ObjectivesThe second step in developinga sediment monitoring program is to define the monitoringobjectives. The objectives of the monitoring study shouldaddress the water quality nee
47、d or problem. An objectivestatement should include an infinitive verb, an object word orphrase, and some constraints on the objective such as thesurface or ground water watershed boundaries and variables tomonitor. An example of a monitoring objective might be: “Todetermine the effect of implementin
48、g best management prac-tices on sediment concentration or sediment yield in TroutBrook.” When several objectives are used, a hierarchicalapproach may be used to determine higher priority objectives.An objective tree can be used to distinguish among severalobjectives. To determine how several objecti
49、ves can be linked,the following question can be asked: “Does the achievement ofobjective A contribute directly to the achievement of objectiveB?” To assess whether objectives are being achieved, objectiveattributes could be determined. These attributes may be binary,achieved or not, or scaler.6.3 Sampling DesignA wide variety of instruments andtechniques have been developed for field measurements of soilerosion, sediment movement, turbidity, and sediment deposi-tion. In general four basic types of studies exist: measurementsof sediment in surface runoff from small experi
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