1、Designation: D 6151 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forUsing Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration andSoil Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6151; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers how to obtain soil samples usinghollow-stem sampling systems and use of hol
3、low-stem augerdrilling methods for geotechnical exploration. This practiceaddresses how to obtain soil samples suitable for engineeringproperties testing.1.2 In most geotechnical explorations, hollow-stem augerdrilling is combined with other sampling methods. Split barrelpenetration tests (Test Meth
4、od D 1586) are often performed toprovide estimates of engineering properties of soils. Thin-walltube (Practice D 1587) and ring-lined barrel samples (PracticeD 3550) are also frequently taken. This practice discusses holepreparation for these sampling events. For information on thesampling process,
5、consult the related standards. Other in situtests, such as the vane shear Test Method D 2573, can beperformed below the base of the boring by access through thedrill string.1.3 This practice does not include considerations for geoen-vironmental site characterizations and installation of monitor-ing
6、wells which are addressed in Guide D 5784.1.4 This practice may not reflect all aspects of operations. Itoffers guidance on current practice but does not recommend aspecific course of action. It should not be used as the solecriterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieveprofession
7、al judgment.1.5 Hollow-stem auger drilling for geotechnical explorationoften involves safety planning, administration, and documen-tation. This standard does not purport to specifically addressexploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user ofthis standard to establish appropriate
8、safety and health prac-tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to its use. Performance of the test usually involves use ofa drill rig, therefore, safety requirements as outlined in appli-cable safety standards, for example OSHA (OccupationalHealth and Safety Administrati
9、on) regulations, DCDMA safetymanual (1),2drilling safety manuals, and other applicable stateand local regulations must be observed.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-sign, and Construction Purposes3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Ro
10、ck, and ContainedFluids3D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)3D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and Rock32.2 Standards for Sampling of Soil and Rock:D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger Borings3D 1
11、586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of Soils3D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-pling of Soils3D 2113 Practice for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Inves-tigation3D 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils3D 4220 Practice for Preserving and Tra
12、nsporting SoilSamples3D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone3D 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore Samples32.3 In situ Testing:D 2573 Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in CohesiveSoils3D 3441 Test Method for Deep, Quasi Static, Cone andFriction-Cone Penetration T
13、ests of Soil3D 4719 Test Method for Pressuremeter Testing in Soils32.4 Instrument Installation and Monitoring:D 4428 Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Testing3D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)3D 5092 Practice for Design and
14、 Installation of GroundWater Monitoring Wells in Aquifiers32.5 Drilling Methods:D 5784 Guide for the Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testin
15、g for Soil Investigations.Current edition approved August 10, 1997, Published December 1997.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of thispractice.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
16、hocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices4D 5876 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality
17、Monitoring Devices43. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Terminology used within this practice is inaccordance with Terminology D 653 with the addition of thefollowing (see Figs. 1-5 for typical system components):3.1.1 auger cutter headthe terminal section of the leadauger equipped with a hollow cutting h
18、ead for cutting soil. Thecutter head is connected to the lead auger. The cutter head isequipped with abrasion-resistant cutting devices, normallywith carbide surfaces. The cutter can be teeth (usually square orconical), or blades (rectangular or spade design). Cutter headdesigns may utilize one styl
19、e cutter or a combination of cutters.3.1.2 bit clearance ratioa ratio, expressed as a percentageof the difference between the inside diameter of the samplingtube and the inside diameter of the cutting bit divided by theinside diameter of the sampling tube.3.1.3 blow-in(Practice D 5092)the inflow of
20、groundwa-ter and unconsolidated material into the borehole or casingcaused by differential hydraulic heads; that is, caused by thepresence of a greater hydraulic head outside the borehole/casing than inside. Also known as sanding in or soil heave.3.1.4 clean out depththe depth to which the end of th
21、edrill string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after aninterval of drilling. The clean out depth (or drilled depth as itis referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material orcuttings in the bottom of the drill hole) is normally recorded tothe nearest 0.1 ft. (0.03 m).3.1.5 continu
22、ous sampling devicessampling systemswhich continuously sample as the drilling progresses. Hollow-stem sampling systems are often referred to as continuoussamplers because they can be operated in that mode. Hollow-stem sampling systems are double-tube augers where barrel-type samplers fit within the
23、lead auger of the hollow augercolumn. The double-tube auger operates as a soil coring system4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.FIG. 1 Rod-Type Auger System With Pilot Bit6FIG. 2 Example of Rod-Type Sampling System5D 6151 97 (2003)2in certain subsurface conditions where the sampler barrel fill
24、swith material as the augers advance. The barrel can be removedand replaced during pauses in drilling for continuous coring.3.1.6 double-tube augeran auger equipped with an innerbarrel for soil sampling (soil coring). If equipped with an innerbarrel and liner, the auger system can be described as at
25、riple-tube auger.3.1.7 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as borehole orboring.3.1.8 drill stringthe complete drilling assembly underrotation including augers, core barrel or pilot bit, drill rods, andconnector subassemblies. Drilling depth is
26、determined byknowledge of the total length of the drill string, and bysubtracting the string length above a ground surface datum.3.1.9 fluid injection devicespumps, fittings, hose and pipecomponents, or drill rig attachments that may be used to injecta fluid within a hollow auger column during drill
27、ing.3.1.10 HSAHollow stem auger(s). See 3.1.11.3.1.11 hollow stem augera cylindrical hollow tube with acontinuous helical fluting/fighting on the outside, which acts asa screw conveyor to lift cuttings produced by an auger drillhead or cutter head bit to the surface.3.1.12 in-hole-hammera drop hamme
28、r for driving a soilsampling device. The in-hole hammer is designed to rundown-hole within the HSA column. It is usually operated withFIG. 3 Example of Wireline Sampling System5D 6151 97 (2003)3a free-fall wireline hoist capable of lifting and dropping thehammer weight to drive the sampler below the
29、 HSA columnand retrieve the hammer and sampler to the surface. See Fig. 653.1.13 in situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining test data for estimation of engineering properties,that are typically pushed, rotated, or driven in advance of thehollow auger column assembly at a designated
30、depth oradvanced simultaneously with advancement of the auger col-umn (see 2.3).3.1.14 intermittent sampling devicesbarrel-type samplersthat may be rotated, driven, or pushed below the auger head ata designated depth prior to advancement of the auger column(see 2.2).3.1.15 lead auger assemblythe fir
31、st hollow stem auger tobe advanced into the subsurface. The end of the lead augerassembly is equipped with a cutter head for cutting. The leadauger may also contain a pilot bit assembly or sample barrelassembly housed within the hollow portion of the auger. If awireline system is used, the lead auge
32、r assembly will have anadapter housing on top of the first auger containing a latching5Foremost Mobile, Mobile Drilling Company Inc., 3807 Madison Avenue,Indianapolis, IN.FIG. 4 Spindle Adaptor AssemblyD 6151 97 (2003)4device for locking the pilot bit assembly or sampling corebarrel into the lead au
33、ger assembly.3.1.16 lead distancethe mechanically adjusted length ordistance that the inner core barrel cutting shoe is set to extendbeyond the lead auger assembly cutting head.3.1.17 overshota latching mechanism located at the endof the hoisting line (wireline). It is specially designed to latchont
34、o or release the pilot bit or core barrel assemblies. It servesas a lifting device for removing the pilot bit or samplerassembly.3.1.18 O-ringa rubber ring for preventing leakage be-tween joining metal connections, such as hollow-stem augersections.3.1.19 percent recoverypercentage which indicates t
35、hesuccess of sample retrieval, calculated by dividing the length ofsample recovered by the length of sampler advancement.3.1.20 pilot bit assemblyan assembly designed to attachto a drill rod or lock into the lead auger assembly for drillingwithout sampling. The pilot bit can have various configurati
36、ons(drag bit, roller cone, tooth bit, or combination of designs) toaid in more efficient or rapid hole advancement.3.1.21 recovery lengththe length of sample actually re-trieved during the sampling operation.3.1.22 sanding ina condition that occurs when sand or siltenters the auger after removal of
37、the pilot bit or samplingbarrel. See blow-in. Sanding in can occur from hydrostaticimbalance or by suction forces caused by removal of the pilotbit or sampling barrel.3.1.23 sloughthe disturbed material left in the bottom ofthe borehole, usually from falling off the side of the borehole,or falling o
38、ut of the sampler, or off of the auger.3.1.24 soil coring, hollow-stemThe drilling process ofusing a double-tube HSA system to intermittently or continu-ously sample the subsurface material (soil).3.1.25 wireline drilling, hollow-stema rotary drilling pro-cess using a lead auger which holds a pilot
39、bit or samplingbarrel delivered and removed by wireline hoisting. Latchingassemblies are used to lock or unlock the pilot bit or samplerbarrel. The pilot bit or core barrel is raised or lowered on awireline cable with an overshot latching device.4. Significance and Use4.1 Hollow-stem augers are freq
40、uently used for geotechni-cal exploration. Often, hollow-stem augers are used with othersampling systems, such as split barrel penetration resistancetesting, Test Method D 1586, or thin-wall tube sampling,Practice D 1587 (see 2.5). Hollow-stem augers may be used toadvance a drill hole without sampli
41、ng using a pilot bitassembly, or they may be equipped with a sampling system forobtaining soil cores. In some subsurface conditions that containFIG. 5 Example of Drive Case Sampling Through HSAD 6151 97 (2003)5cohesive soils, the drillhole can be successfully advancedwithout the use of a pilot bit a
42、ssembly. Intermittent drilling(advancing of the HSA column with or without a pilot bit) andsampling can be performed depending on the intervals to besampled, or continuous sampling can be performed. Duringpauses in the drilling and sampling process, in situ testing orother soil sampling methods can
43、be performed through thehollow auger column below the lead auger assembly. Atcompletion of the boring to the depth of interest, the hole maybe abandoned or testing or monitoring devices can be installed.Hollow-stem auger drilling allows for drilling and casing thehole simultaneously, thereby elimina
44、ting hole caving problemsand contamination of soil samples (2). The hollow-stem augerdrilling and sampling method can be a satisfactory means forcollecting samples of shallow unconsolidated subsurface ma-terials (2). Additional guidance on use can be found in Refs. 2,3, 4, 5, 6.4.2 Soil sampling wit
45、h a double-tube hollow-stem samplingsystem provides a method for obtaining continuous or inter-mittent samples of soils for accurate logging of subsurfacematerials to support geotechnical testing and exploration. Awide variety of soils from clays to sands can be sampled. Thesampling systems can be p
46、articularly effective in dry soft tostiff clayey or silty deposits but also can work well undersaturated conditions. Saturated cohesionless soils such as cleansands may flow and cave during drilling (see Note 1). In manyFIG. 6 In-Hole-Hammer and Conventional Drive Hammer5D 6151 97 (2003)6cases, the
47、HSA soil core sampling system can produce verylittle disturbance to the sample and can provide samples forlaboratory tests for measurement of selected engineering prop-erties. Large-diameter soil cores, if taken carefully, can provideClass C and D samples as described in Practice D 4220. TheHSA syst
48、ems can also provide disturbed samples of unsatur-ated sands and gravels with some structure preserved. Full 5-ft(1.5-m) long cores usually cannot be obtained in unsaturatedsands due to increasing side wall friction between the dry sandsand inside surface of the sample core barrel. Sample length of2
49、 to 2.5 ft. (0.60 to 0.75 m) is generally the limit of amount ofsample that can be recovered in unsaturated sands before thefriction between the sampler and the sand becomes too highand causes blocking or plugging of the sampler. Shorter largediameter core runs of 2.5 ft with the 5-ft sample barrel system,or with a 2.5-ft sample barrel system, have generally proven toresult in the best samples.NOTE 1Research on thin-wall piston sampling in clean sands indi-cates that in general it is impossible to obtain truly undisturbed samples ofsaturated clean sands
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