1、Designation: D 6165 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide for theComparison, Detection, and Identification of the Odors ofPaints, Inks, and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to provide direction in order toassist the produce
3、rs and users of paints, inks, and relatedcoatings, and others who may also be exposed, to detect,compare and identify the odors that may originate from thesematerials.1.2 This guide is intended to provide references for estab-lishing guidelines to assist in identifying and verifying thesources of od
4、ors and other related issues. Further informationmay be found in DS-48A (1).21.3 This guide is intended to assist in establishing guidelinesas follows:(1) Comparing products for their odor characteristics,(2) Determining the perception threshold of odors,(3) Isolating and identifying the chemical na
5、ture of theodor, and(4) Confirming the results.1.4 For hazard information and guidance, see the suppliersMaterial Safety Data Sheet.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establ
6、ish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1292 Test Method for Odor in WaterD 1296 Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents andDiluentsD 2650 Test Method for Chemical Composition
7、of Gases byMass SpectrometryD 3686 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D 3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by The Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodsD 4339 Test Method for Determination o
8、f the Odor ofAdhesivesE 253 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Ma-terials and ProductsE 544 Practices for Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Inten-sityE 679 Practice for Determination of Odor and Taste Thresh-olds by a Forced-Choice Ascending Concentration SeriesMethod of LimitsE 769 Test Me
9、thods for Odor of Methanol, Ethanol,n-Propanol, and IsopropanolE 1207 Practice for the Sensory Evaluation of AxillaryDeodorancyE 1432 Practice for Defining and Calculating Individual andGroup Sensory Thresholds from Forced-Choice Data Setsof Intermediate SizeE 1593 Practice for Assessing the Efficac
10、y of Air FreshenerProducts in Reducing Sensorily Perceived Indoor AirMalodor Intensity3. Terminology3.1 The definitions in Terminology E 253 are applicable tothis guide.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to direct the user to the appro-priate existing standards and literature in order
11、 for the user tobecome knowledgeable of the operations that need to be doneto effectively compare, detect and identify the odors of paints,inks, and related materials.4.2 This guide directs the user to specific standards andliterature sources that allow the user to accomplish the primarysteps to com
12、plete the following task:(1) Comparing products for their odor characteristics,(2) Determining the perception threshold of odors,(3) Isolating and identifying the chemical nature of theodor, and1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and A
13、pplications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published December 2003. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 6165 97.2The boldface numbers in pare
14、ntheses refer to the list at the end of this guide.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright
15、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(4) Confirming the results.5. Hazards5.1 Many paints, inks, and related materials contain sol-vents, diluents, and residual monomers that may be hazardousor toxic. For hazard information and guid
16、ance, see the suppli-ers Material Safety Data Sheet. Take special precautions whiledetermining the odor of these products. The tests should bemade only as frequently as is necessary for control and theevaluations should be conducted in a manner that provides theleast possible amount of exposure.5.2
17、Provide adequate ventilation to maintain solvent ordiluent concentration below the personnel exposure limit valueestablished for the general work area.5.3 Other hazards may also be present: These may be, butare not limited to, flammable, combustible, corrosive, orexplosive (monomers) hazards.6. Defi
18、ning the Approach6.1 A major consideration for the accomplishment of thetask being undertaken by the user of this guide is how tooperate with untrained people such as paint users, plantworkers, and community residents. The following resourcesare suggested as initial references for review (see also T
19、estMethods E 769 and Practice E 1207):(1) STP 682 (2)2Chapter 1, Background and Chapter 3,General Evaluation Factors,(2) STP 433 (3) Part I Test Method D 4339 is used todetermine the odor of a formulated product (adhesives).7.1.1 Annex A1 of Test Method D 1292 provides a sug-gested system for classi
20、fying odors.7.1.2 A general reference for odor character profiles is givenin DS 61 (6).8. Determining Odor Perception Threshold8.1 The first step is to determine at what concentration in theatmosphere a products odor is perceptible or at what concen-tration a specific odor is detectable over the pro
21、ducts baseodor. Because perception threshold can vary with the indi-vidual, a sufficiently large number of observers is necessary.(See STP 434 (2) Chapter I, Section B Test Subjects, 1bNumber of Panel Members.)8.2 Practice E 679 is used to determine the threshold whilePractice E 544 is used to calib
22、rate the threshold versus1-butanol to define the concentration reference.8.3 By defining the odor threshold, the investigator is able toconfirm that a difference in odor exists when comparing oneproduct to another product as used as a control. The presenceof a different odor is likely to result in a
23、 significantly lowerperception threshold. Practice E 1432 is used to define andcalculate individual and group sensory thresholds9. Isolation and Identification of the Chemical Nature ofthe Odor9.1 IsolationGas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spec-trometry techniques such as those contained in Practices
24、D 3686, D 3687 and Test Method D 2650 can be used toseparate and identify the volatile fractions of the product, someof which are prime contributors to the products odor.9.1.1 Construction requirements for tests chambers arespecified in STP 433 (3) part II,“ Concentration of Odor Vaporsin Test Chamb
25、ers” and in Practice E 1593, Appendix X1.3.9.1.2 A sample can also be captured by trapping the odorusing carbon adsorption of a gas stream above the vapor spaceof a container of the product.9.2 IdentificationWhile the above methods are capable ofseparating and identifying the volatile components, th
26、ey do notestablish which compounds contribute to the odor. Eachseparated component needs to be evaluated by a trainedsensory panel using odor profiling methods such as thoseoutlined in MNL 13 (7) to determine what fraction or fractionscontribute to the odor. The component, or components, sus-pected
27、of causing differences in odor can be compared toreferenced materials in DS 48A (1). Preparative GC may beneeded to provide an identified fraction of sufficient size forfurther fractionation, identification, and odor profiling.10. Confirming the Results10.1 The product odor must be confirmed by usin
28、g theconclusions of the isolation and identification effort to recon-stitute the odor using the identified components and concen-tration. This reconstituted odor concentrate is then evaluatedby a trained sensory panel using the above methods, to confirmits similarity to the product under investigati
29、on.11. Follow Up Action11.1 Upon confirmation by Section 10, efforts should bemade to reduce or eliminate the main odor contributors fromuse, open storage, or open handling. If 10.1 does not producea positive confirmation, then the investigator must look forsurfaces, objects, etc. that could absorb
30、or chemically alter theobjectionable components in the handling, transport, andstorage phase of the investigation.12. Keywords12.1 evaluation panel; odor; odor threshold; sensoryevaluationD 6165 97 (2003)2REFERENCES(1) Fazzalari, F.A., ed., DS 48A Compilation of Odor and Taste ThresholdValues Data,
31、ASTM, 1978.(2) Schaefer, E. E., ed., Manual on Consumer Sensory Evaluation, ASTMSTP 682, ASTM, 1979.(3) Basic Principles of Sensory Evaluation, ASTM STP 433, CommitteeE18, ASTM, 1968.(4) Manual on Sensory Testing Methods, ASTM STP 434, ASTM, 1968.(5) Wu, L. S., ed., Product Testing with Consumers fo
32、r Research Guid-ance, ASTM STP 1035, ASTM, 1989.(6) Dravnieks, A., compiler DS 61 Atlas of Odor Character Profiles,ASTM, 1985.(7) Hootman, R.C., ed., MNL 13 Manual on Descriptive Analysis Testingfor Sensory Evaluation, ASTM, 1992.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pa
33、tent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revisio
34、n at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com
35、ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyright
36、ed by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 6165 97 (2003)3
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