1、Designation: D 6169 98 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Guide forSelection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used WithDrill Rigs for Environmental Investigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers guidance for the selection of soil androck sampling dev
3、ices used with drill rigs for the purpose ofcharacterizing in situ physical and hydraulic properties, chemi-cal characteristics, subsurface lithology, stratigraphy and struc-ture, and hydrogeologic units in environmental investigations.1.2 This guide does not specifically address selection of soilsa
4、mpling devices for use with direct-push sampling systems,but the information in this guide on thick-wall and thin-wallsamplers is generally applicable to direct-push soil sampling.1.3 This guide should be used in conjunction with refer-enced ASTM guides, practices, and methods on drilling tech-nique
5、s for geoenvironmental investigations and use of sam-pling devices referenced in 2.1, and with Guide D 5730.1.4 This guide does not address selection of samplingdevices for hand-held soil sampling equipment, and soilsample collection with solid-stem augering devices, or collec-tion of grab samples o
6、r hand-carved block samples fromaccessible excavations. Refer to Appendix X1.2 for guidanceon these topics. This guide should be used in conjunction withGuide D 4700 when thin-walled, split barrel, ring-lined barreland piston samplers with solid- and hollow-stem augers areused in the unsaturated zon
7、e.1.5 This guide does not address devices for collecting coresfrom submerged sediments or sampling devices for solidwastes. Refer to Guide D 4823 for guidance on these topics.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. However, dimensions of materials used in the drillingind
8、ustry are given in English units by convention, therefore,English units are used where necessary in this guide.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safe
9、ty and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education and expe-rience and should be use
10、d in conjunction with professionaljudgement. The word “Standard” in the title of this documentmeans that the document has been approved through the ASTMconsensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 657 Specification for Isopropyl AcetateD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sam
11、pling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of SoilsD2113 Practice for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Inves-tigationD 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of SoilsD 3694 Practice for Preparation o
12、f Sample Containers andfor Preservation of Organic ConstituentsD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4452 Methods for X-Ray Radiography of Soil SamplesD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 4823 Guide for Core-Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD 5079
13、Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 5084 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity of Satu-rated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall PermeameterD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Nonradioactive Waste SitesD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface
14、 Explorationof Soil and RockD 5730 Guide to Site Characterization for Environmental1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil an Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. P
15、ublished February 2005. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 616998.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
16、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Purposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 5781 Guide to the Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-CirculationDrilling for Geoen
17、vironmental Exploration and the Instal-lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5782 Guide for the Use of Direct-Air Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with
18、Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 5784 Guide for the Use of Hollow-Stem Augers forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5872 Guide for the Use of
19、Casing Advancement DrillingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5875 Guide for the Use of Cable-Tool Drilling andSampling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration andthe Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality MonitoringDevic
20、esD 5876 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5911 Practice for the Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Soil Sampling SiteD 6151 Practice for Using Hol
21、low-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil Sampling3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Terminology used within this guide is inaccordance with Terminology D 653 except as noted below.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 borehole grab samplera sampling device with acutting
22、head that advances by rotation and collects a sample byscraping side or bottom rather than coring. See Section 8.13.2.2 chemically undisturbed core samplea soil or rockcore sample in which the sampling device, collection andhandling procedures result in preservation of the chemicalproperties to a de
23、gree that satisfies the purpose for which thesample was taken.3.2.2.1 DiscussionFor nonsensitive chemical constitu-ents, representative samples will generally provide chemicallyundisturbed samples. Nonrepresentative samples may also bechemically undisturbed, but are generally not suitable foranalysi
24、s because of their uncertain integrity, location or origin.For sensitive chemical constituents, special sample collectionand handling procedures are generally required to obtainchemically undisturbed samples as discussed in 6.4 and 6.10.Physically undisturbed samples will generally provide chemi-cal
25、ly undisturbed samples provided that sampling technique,and materials for sampling devices and containers are selectedto avoid chemical alteration.3.2.3 clearance ratio (inside)the difference between in-side diameter of the sampling tube and inside diameter ofcutting edge or shoe divided by the insi
26、de diameter of thecutting shoe or edge.3.2.3.1 Discussionrefer to Hvorslev (1)3and Paikowskyet al. (2) for appropriate formulas for calculating wall arearatio.3.2.4 corefor the purposes of this guide, a cylindricalsample of soil or rock obtained by means of a thick-wall,thin-wall, or rotating core s
27、ampler.3.2.5 cuttingsfor the purposes of this guide, soil materialor small-sized rock fragments brought to the surface in the airor fluid stream of a rotary drill rig, bailing from a cable tool rig,sticking to drill bits or auger flights, or as return from augerflights. See 8.3.3.2.6 direct push sam
28、pling systemfor the purposes of thisguide, a subsurface sampling system using samplers generally2 in. (50 mm) in diameter or less that use hand-held percussiondriving devices, or mobile hydraulic, vibratory or percussiondrive systems that are mounted to a small truck, van, all-terrainvehicle (ATV),
29、trailer, skid, or drill rig.3.2.7 drill rigfor the purposes of this guide, a land-basedwheeled, ATV, or skid-mounted assembly or offshore or bargemounted assembly capable of drilling boreholes and collectingsoil or rock samples with a diameter generally greater than 2 in.(50 mm) using rotary, drive,
30、 push, or vibratory advancementmethods.3.2.8 drill-rod core samplinga sampling process in whicha fixed drill rod assembly advances a thick-wall or thin-wallsampler or a rotating drill rod assembly advances a rotatingcore samplers.3.2.9 group Asamples for which only general visualidentification is ne
31、cessary (see Practices D 4220).3.2.10 group Bsamples for which only water content andclassification tests, proctor and relative density, or profilelogging is required and bulk samples that will be remolded orcompacted into specimens for swell pressure, percent swell,consolidation, permeability, shea
32、r testing, CBR, stabilimeter,etc. (see Practices D 4220).3.2.10.1 DiscussionGroup B samples are disturbed, re-molded samples used primarily for engineering propertiestests.3.2.11 group Cintact, natural formed or field fabricated,samples for density determination; or for swell pressure,percent swell,
33、 consolidation, permeability testing and sheartesting with or without stress-strain and volume change mea-surements, to include dynamic and cyclic testing (see PracticesD 4220).3.2.11.1 DiscussionGroup C samples are undisturbedsamples used primarily for engineering properties tests. Someof these tes
34、ts, such as bulk density and permeability are usefulfor environmental investigations. Additional physical and hy-drologic properties that require Group C type samples areidentified in Table 1.3.2.12 group Dsamples that are fragile or highly sensitivefor which tests in Group C are required (see Pract
35、ices D 4220).3.2.13 linercylindrical tubes or rings made of metal orplastic placed inside a core sampling device to facilitate sampleretrieval and handling.3The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.D 6169 98 (2005)23.2.14 nonrepresentative samplea
36、 soil sample that con-sists of drill cuttings of uncertain integrity, location or origin,or other incomplete or contaminated portions of subsurfacematerials; generally not suitable for testing or analysis (3).3.2.15 physically undisturbed core samplea soil or rockcore sample in which the sampling de
37、vice, collection andhandling procedures result in preservation of the in situphysical and hydraulic properties (such as, structure, density,and moisture content) to a degree that satisfies the purpose forwhich the sample was taken.3.2.15.1 DiscussionGroup C and D core samples arephysically undisturb
38、ed. Generally collection of undisturbedsamples require use of thin-wall or double-tube rotating coresampling devices, but as discussed in 6.2, thick-wall samplersmay be satisfactory for some objectives.3.2.16 piston core samplera thin-wall or, less commonly,thick-wall sampling device in which the in
39、ner piston is held ina fixed position and the cutting head and outer barrel isadvanced mechanically or hydraulically into the soil. See 7.5.3.2.17 representative soil samplea soil sample from aknown subsurface interval in which some structural features donot survive but other properties, such as moi
40、sture content, grainsize and gradation and chemical characteristics of the sampleinterval are preserved; suitable for mechanical and chemicalanalysis for nonsensitive chemical constituents, and lithologiclogging. (Adapted from U.S. Geological Survey, 1980). Seediscussion in 6.3.3.2.17.1 DiscussionTh
41、is definition follows general usagein the geologic profession, and differs from the definition ofrepresentative sample in the statistical sense. The sample isonly representative of the subsurface material encountered bythe sampler and is not necessarily representative of theformation being sampled.
42、Sample representativeness in thelatter sense needs to be addressed in the sample design thatdefines the specific location of sampling.3.2.18 rotating core samplera rotating cylindrical samplerwith a coring bit that cuts away soil or rock material fromaround the core. See 7.6.3.2.19 sensitive chemica
43、l constituentschemical species orcompounds for which the composition or concentration in soilmay change rapidly in soil in response to disturbance, orinteraction with sample container materials, due to processessuch as volatilization, degassing, microbial action or abioticoxidation-reduction reactio
44、ns.3.2.20 thick-wall samplera core sampler that does notsatisfy the requirements for collection of undisturbed Group Cand D samples.3.2.20.1 DiscussionGenerally, samplers with a wall arearatio greater than 15 % (see Table 2 for additional specifica-tions. Typical thick wall samplers are found in Tes
45、t MethodD 1586 and Practice D 3550. See 7.3.3.2.21 thin-wall samplera sampler that meets the specifi-cations in Practice D 1587. See 7.4.3.2.22 undisturbed samplea soil sample that has beenobtained by methods in which every precaution has been takento minimize disturbance to the sample (see Terminol
46、ogyD 653). See also definitions for chemically undisturbed sampleand physically undisturbed sample.3.2.23 vibratory core samplinga sample process in whicha thick-wall or thin-wall sampler is advanced using highfrequency vibrations rather than hydraulic or percussion forces.3.2.24 wall area ratioThe
47、ratio of gross wall area due tothickness divided by the inside opening of the sampler.3.2.24.1 DiscussionRefer to Hvorslev (1) and Paikowskyet al. (2) for appropriate formulas for calculating wall arearatio.3.2.25 wireline core samplinga sampling process inwhich rotating or pushed core samplers are
48、raised and loweredinside drill rods with a wireline and attached for coring orpushing with an overshot latching mechanism.4. Significance and Use4.1 Direct observation of the subsurface by the collection ofsoil and rock samples is an essential part of site characteriza-tion for environmental purpose
49、s (see 7.1.7 of Guide D 5730).This guide provides information on the major types of soil androck sampling devices used on drill rigs to assist in selection ofdevices that are suitable for known site geologic conditions,and provide samples that meet project objectives. This guideshould not be used as a substitute for consulting with someoneTABLE 1 General Sample-Type Requirements for Measurementof Physical and Chemical PropertiesTests to be PerformedPhysicallyUndisturbedChemicallyUndisturbedRepresentativePhysical/Hydrologic PropertiesHydraulic Conductiv
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