1、Designation: D 6187 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forCone Penetrometer Technology Characterization ofPetroleum Contaminated Sites with Nitrogen Laser-InducedFluorescence1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、 year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the method for delineating th
3、esubsurface presence of petroleum hydrocarbons and otherhydrocarbons using a fiber optic based nitrogen laser-inducedfluorescence sensor system.1.2 The petroleum hydrocarbon sensing scheme utilizes afluorescence technique in which a nitrogen laser emits pulsedultraviolet light. The laser, mounted on
4、 the cone penetrometerplatform, is linked via fiber optic cables to a window mountedon the side of a penetrometer probe. Laser energy emittedthrough the window causes fluorescence in adjacent contami-nated media. The fluorescent radiation is transmitted to thesurface via optical cables for real-time
5、 spectral data acquisitionand spectral analysis on the platform.1.3 This sensor responds to any material that fluoresceswhen excited with ultraviolet wavelengths of light, largely thepolycyclic aromatic, aromatic, and substituted hydrocarbons,along with a few heterocyclic hydrocarbons. The excitatio
6、nenergy will cause all encountered fluorophores to fluoresce,including some minerals and some non-petroleum organicmatter. However, because the sensor collects full spectralinformation, discrimination among the fluorophores may bedistinguished using the spectral features associated with thedata. Soi
7、l samples should be taken to verify recurring spectralsignatures to discriminate between fluorescing petroleum hy-drocarbons and naturally occurring fluorophores.1.4 This practice is used in conjunction with a cone pen-etrometer of the electronic type, described in Test MethodD 5778.1.4.1 The direct
8、 push LIF described in this practice canprovide accurate information on the characteristics of the soilsand contaminants encountered in the vadose zone and thesaturated zone, although it does not make a distinction betweendissolved and sorbed contamination in the saturated zone.1.5 This practice des
9、cribes rapid, continuous, in-situ, real-time characterization of subsurface soil.1.6 Direct push LIF is limited to soils that can be penetratedwith the available equipment. The ability to penetrate strata isbased on carrying vehicle weight, density of soil, and consis-tency of soil. Penetration may
10、be limited; or, damage to sensorscan occur in certain ground conditions.1.7 This practice does not address the installation of anytemporary or permanent soil, ground water, soil vapor moni-toring, or remediation devices; although, the devices describedmay be left in-situ for the purpose of on-going
11、monitoring.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.9 Direct push LIF environmental site characterization willoften involve safety planning, administration, and documenta-tion. This practice does not purp
12、ort to address the issues ofoperational or site safety.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bilit
13、y of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 3650 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by Fluorescence AnalysisD 4657 Test Method for Polynucl
14、ear Aromatic Hydrocar-bons in WaterD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Nonradioactive Waste SitesD 5730 Guide to Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone,and Ground WaterD 5778 Test Method for Performing Electronic Frictio
15、n1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1997. Published March 1998.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w
16、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Con
17、e and Piezocone Penetration Testing of SoilsD 6001 Guide for Direct Push Water Sampling for Geoen-vironmental InvestigationsD 6067 Guide for Using the Electronic Cone Penetrometerfor Environmental Site CharacterizationE 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE 169 Practices for General Te
18、chniques of Ultraviolet-Visible Quantitative AnalysisE 275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performanceof Ultraviolet, Visible, and New Infrared Spectrophotom-eterE 388 Test Method for Spectral Bandwidth and WavelengthAccuracy of Fluorescence SpectrometersE 578 Test Method for Linearity of Fluo
19、rescence MeasuringSystemE 579 Test Method for Limit of Detection of Fluorescenceof Quinine SulfateE 924 Guide for Quality Assurance of Laboratories UsingMolecular SpectroscopyE 1614 Guide for Procedure for Measuring IonizingRadiation-Induced Attenuation in Silica-Based Optical Fi-bers and Cables for
20、 Use in Remote Fiber-Optic Spectros-copy and Broadband Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology used within this practice is inaccordance with Terminologies D 653, D 1129, and E 131, andPractice D 3415 with the addition of the following:3.1.1 calibrationthe process by which the relationship o
21、finstrumental response to changes in the nature and concentra-tion of reference materials is determined.3.1.2 Fluorophorea material that produces, undergoes, orexhibits fluorescence.3.1.3 Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)the rapid emissionof light from an atom or molecule after it has absorbedradiati
22、on from collimated and polarized monochromatic lightsource.3.1.4 TPHtotal petroleum hydrocarbons.3.1.5 TRPHtotal recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons.3.1.6 vadose zonethe hydrogeological region extendingfrom the soil surface to the top of the principal water table;commonly referred to as the “unsatura
23、ted zone” or “zone ofaeration”. However, these alternate names are inadequate asthey do not take into account locally saturated regions abovethe principal water table (for example, perched water zones).3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 in-situ testing devicesare sensors or samplers, usedfor obtaining mechanical
24、 or chemical test data, that aretypically pushed, rotated or driven from the surface or belowthe bottom of a borehole following completion of an incrementof drilling.3.2.2 push depththe depth below a ground surface towhich the tip of the direct push water sampling device haspenetrated.3.3 Definition
25、sDefinitions in accordance with TestMethod D 6067:3.3.1 cone penetrometera penetrometer in which the lead-ing end of the penetrometer tip is a conical point designed forpenetrating soil and for measuring the end-bearing componentof penetration resistance.3.3.2 electronic cone penetrometera friction
26、cone pen-etrometer that uses force transducers, such as strain gauge loadcells, built into a non-telescoping penetrometer tip for measur-ing, within the penetrometer tip, the components of penetrationresistance.3.3.3 penetrometeran apparatus consisting of a series ofcylindrical push rods with a term
27、inal body (end section), calledthe penetrometer tip, and measuring devices for determinationof the components of penetration resistance.3.3.4 penetrometer tipthe terminal body (end section) ofthe penetrometer which contains the active elements that sensethe components of penetration resistance. The
28、penetrometer tipmay include additional electronic instrumentation for signalconditioning and amplification.3.3.5 push rodsthe thick-walled tubes or rods used toadvance the penetrometer tip.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice is based on a cone penetrometer deployedfiber optic-based, nitrogen las
29、er-induced fluorescence sensorsystem. It is an in situ field screening technique for character-izing the subsurface distribution. This practice is not a replace-ment for these traditional methods; but is a means of reducingthe number of borings and wells required to achieve sitecharacterization. See
30、 Fig. 1 and Fig. 24.2 This practice provides semi-quantitative data on thesubsurface distribution of POL products from the fluorescenceresponse induced in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarboncompounds that are components of petroleum products. Itmakes use of a laser excitation source that targets pol
31、ycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons with three or more fused aromatic ringsand detects them in the bulk soil matrix throughout the vadose,capillary fringe, and saturated zones. When the sensor is usedin conjunction with an industry-standard 20 ton penetrometerpush vehicle and subsurface conditions are favo
32、rable, measure-ments have been made to depths greater than 150 ft (45.7 m).The depth of push is influenced by many geological factors(that is, properties of soil) and may vary widely from site tosite.4.3 The spectral data provides a means of confirming thatobserved fluorescence events are consistent
33、 with the spectrafrom known petroleum products. It provides a field screeningcapability that is proportional to contamination concentrationand relative to a specified detection limit derived for a specificfuel product on a site specific soil matrix.4.4 Although under ideal conditions detection limit
34、s are inthe ppm range, the same contaminant in various matrices willhave different levels of detection due to the influences of thesematrices.5. Significance and Use5.1 Direct push LIF is used for site investigations where thedelineation of petroleum hydrocarbons and other fluorophoresis necessary.
35、Generic terms for these investigations are siteD 6187 97 (2003)2assessments and hazardous waste site investigations. Continu-ous LIF is used to provide information on the relative amountsof contamination and to provide a lithological detail of thesubsurface strata. These investigations are frequentl
36、y requiredin the characterization of hazardous waste sites.5.2 This technology provides preliminary results withinminutes following the completion of each test. This allows thenumber, locations, and depths of subsequent tests to beadjusted in the field. Field adjustment may increase theefficiency of
37、 the investigation program.5.3 The rapid fluorescence data gathering provided by directpush LIF provides information necessary to assess the presenceof contamination in soils and associated pore fluids in the field.This method allows for immediate determination of relativeamounts of contamination. T
38、his allows the number, locations,and depths of subsequent activities to be adjusted in the field.Field adjustment may increase the efficiency of the investiga-tion program.5.4 With appropriate sensors, the direct-push investigationprogram can provide information on soil stratigraphy and thedistribut
39、ion of petroleum and other fluorophores in the subsur-face. This method results in minimum site disturbance andgenerates no cuttings that might require disposal (1).33The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at theend of the text.FIG. 1 Laser-Induced Fluorescence Petro
40、leum, Oil, and Lubricant SensorD 6187 97 (2003)35.5 This practice is confirmed using soil samples collectedat given depths to confirm the fluorescence readings using afield deployed EPA Method 418.1 (2), EPA method 8015-modified, and a modified EPA 8270 Method (3), or equivalentmethodologies, as com
41、pared to the fluorescence reading fromthe same depth from the sensor to verify that the fluorescencecorrelates with the contamination. The collected samples arealso tested on the probe window in the truck to ensure thesample collected is representative of the region tested in situ.5.6 This practice
42、may not be the correct method for prelimi-nary or supplemental investigations in all cases. Chemical andphysical properties of site specific soil matrices may have anFIG. 2 Typical Panel Plot for POL and Geophysical SensorsD 6187 97 (2003)4effect on site specific detection limits. Subsurface conditi
43、onsaffect the performance of the equipment and methods associ-ated with the direct push method. Direct push methods are noteffective in pushing in solid bedrock and are marginallyeffective in pushing in weathered formations. Dense gravellytills where boulders and cobbles are present, stiff and hardc
44、lays, and cemented soil zones may cause refusal and potentialprobe breakage. Certain cohesive soils, depending on theirmoisture content, can create friction on the cone penetrometerprobes which can eventually equal or exceed the static reactionforce and/or the impact energy being applied. As with al
45、l directpush methods, precautions must be taken to prevent crosscontamination of aquifers through migration of contaminantsup or down the cone penetrometer hole.5.7 The practicing of direct push techniques may be con-trolled by various government regulations governing subsur-face explorations. Certi
46、fication or licensing regulations, orboth, may in some cases be considered in establishing perfor-mance criteria. For additional information see (4-15)6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralThe main components of the LIF sensor arethe laser, fiber optic cables, the fluorescence detection system,and the computer sys
47、tem. The nitrogen laser emits light of aknown wavelength (337 nm) and passes it along a fiber opticcable. The laser light then is dispersed into the soil through awindow mounted on the terminal end of a cone penetrometerprobe. Induced fluorescence from the soil returns to thefluorescence detector al
48、ong a second fiber optic cable. Adetector (that is, photodiode array, charged coupled device) andsignal processor (that is, optical multichannel analyzer) areused as the fluorescence detector and the data are processed bya computer system.6.1.1 Most apparatus required is discussed in Test MethodD 57
49、78 and Guide D 6067.6.2 LaserLaser radiation excitation is produced by apulsed nitrogen laser. The emitted laser radiation is focusedthrough a lens and directed into the excitation fiber.6.3 Fiber Optic Cables, should be capable of transmittingUV light at 337 nm. Maximum attenuation of the fiber opticcables should be 10 dB/km at approximately 820 nm. Both theexcitation fiber and the return fiber, and the instrumentationcables are all protected by a neoprene shrink tubing jacketforming the sensor umbilical, that is passed through the centerof each push rod. The exci
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