1、Designation: D 6213 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forTests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geogrids toLiquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing of geo-grids for chemical resistance to liquids.1.2 Thi
3、s practice describes methods for measuring changesin physical and mechanical properties caused by immersion intest solutions that may be representative of anticipated end-useconditions.1.3 This practice describes procedures for required andrecommended testing of geogrids.1.4 Evaluation or interpreta
4、tion of test data is beyond thescope of this practice.1.5 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction withD 5322, or D 5496, or both. The scope of this practice islimited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed andexposed geogrid coupons.1.6 This standard does not purport to addres
5、s all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.
6、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 76 Specifications for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-tiles2D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics3D 1238 Test Method for Flow Rates of Thermoplastics byExtrusion Plastomer3D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating toPlastics3D 4439 Terminology fo
7、r Geosynthetics4D 4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextilesby the Wide-Width Strip Method4D 4603 Test Method for Determining the Inherent Viscosityof Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)5D 5322 Practice for Immersion Procedures for Evaluatingthe Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to liq
8、uids4D 5496 Practice for In-Situ Immersion Procedures forEvaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquids43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 chemical resistance, nfor geosynthetics, the extentto which a material or product retains its original physical andchemical characteristics as a
9、function of immersion in, orcontact with, a foreign substance. (D 5747, D-35)3.1.2 coating, na liquid, liquefiable or mastic compositionthat is converted to a solid protected, decorative, or functionaladherent film after application as a thin layer. (D 16, D-1)3.1.3 coupon, na portion of a material
10、or laboratorysample, from which multiple specimens can be taken fortesting. (D 5747, D-35)3.1.4 composite, na material made up of distinct partswhich contribute, either proportionately, or synergistically, tothe properties of the combination. (E 375, D-20)3.1.5 geogrid, na reinforcing geosynthetic c
11、omprised ofintegrally connected elements with in-plane apertures betweenelements. (D 4439, D-35)3.1.6 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering related material as an integral part of aman made project, structu
12、re, or system. (D 4439, D-35)3.1.7 inherent viscositythe quotient of the natural loga-rithm of relative viscosity by the concentration, that is in hrel/c.(D 1695, D-1)3.1.8 integral, adjin geosynthetics, forming a necessarypart of the whole; a constituent. (D 4439, D-35)3.1.9 relative viscositythe r
13、atio of the viscosity of asolution to that of the pure solvent. (D 1695, D-1)3.1.10 melt index, nthe flow rate of PE material whenmeasured in accordance with Test Method D 1238.3.1.11 polyester, na polymer in which the repeated struc-tural unit in the chain is of the ester type. (D 883, D-20)1This p
14、ractice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on EnduranceProperties.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published June 1998.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.4An
15、nual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.12 polyolefin, na polymer prepared by the polymer-ization of an olefin(s) as the sole monomer(s). (D
16、 883, D-20)3.1.13 sample, na portion of a lot of material that is takenfor incubation, testing, or for record purposes. (D 123, D-13)3.1.14 specimen, na specific portion of a material orlaboratory sample upon which a test is performed or which istaken for that purpose. (D 4439, D-35)4. Summary of Pr
17、actice4.1 This practice defines test methods and procedures forevaluating the resistance of geogrids to liquid exposure bymonitoring physical and chemical properties of geogrid cou-pons after immersion in a test liquid. The physical condition ofthe geogrid is monitored as a function of cumulative ex
18、posuretime by means of visual observations, and mechanical andchemical property tests.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standardprocedures for test programs investigating the chemical resis-tance of a geogrid to a liquid. This practice should be used inthe abs
19、ence of other specifications required for the particularsituation being addressed.5.2 This practice is intended to provide a basis of standard-ization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemi-cal resistance of a geogrid. It should be recognized thatchemical resistance is a user judgment
20、 evaluation and that thispractice does not offer procedures for interpreting the resultsobtained from test procedures contained in this practice. As apractice, this does not produce a test result.5.3 This practice is for the chemical resistance assessmentof geogrids and is written in parallel to sim
21、ilar practices forgeomembranes, geotextiles, geonets, and geopipes. Each prac-tice is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic underinvestigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed tothe potentially harsh chemical environment under consider-ation.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing
22、 MachineA constant-rate-of-extension(CRE) or constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) type with auto-graphic recorder conforming to the requirements of Specifica-tion D 76 shall be used.6.2 Testing ClampsThese clamps shall be sufficientlywide to grip the entire rib specimen and with appropriateclamping power
23、 to prevent slipping or crushing (damage). Thesuggested style of clamp is wedge action type, commonlyavailable from the manufacturer of the tensile testing machine.6.3 All other required equipment is specified in the refer-enced test method standards. Refer to the appropriate standardsfor a descript
24、ion of the apparatus necessary to perform thosetests.7. Hazards7.1 Geogrids may be exposed to liquids that may containhazardous chemicals. Appropriate precautions must be takenwhen handling hazardous waste, chemicals, and the immersionsolutions. Protective equipment suitable for the chemicalsbeing u
25、sed must be worn by all personnel handling or exposedto the chemicals. Particular care should be taken when openingstorage vessels at elevated temperatures due to the increasedvolatility of organics and the increased activity of acids andbases. Care must also be taken to prevent the spilling ofhazar
26、dous materials and provisions must be made to clean upany accidental spills that do occur.7.2 Before carrying out any test, safety precautions anddisposal procedures for hazardous waste, chemicals or immer-sion liquids, and any contaminated geogrid materials should beidentified and implemented to pr
27、ovide full protection to allpersonnel and to comply with applicable disposal regulations.8. Sample Preparation8.1 Sample product as received.9. Sampling9.1 Geogrid:9.1.1 Determine the number and dimensions of the testspecimens according to the requirements of property tests,listed in Section 14, to
28、be performed, the duration of theimmersion, and the number of test intervals.9.1.2 SampleSample in accordance with the respectivetest methods selected for the geogrid.9.1.3 CouponsCut coupons from geogrid sample repre-sentative of the geogrids being evaluated so as to provide asufficient number of s
29、pecimens for each chosen property testand test interval. Discard any coupons that contain scratches orother imperfections that might affect the test results, and cutreplacement coupons.9.1.4 Mix the selected coupons in a random fashion andre-select coupons for the immersion and baseline testing.9.1.
30、5 SpecimensAfter exposure, test specimens are cutfrom the coupons.9.1.6 Interrelationship between product, sample, coupon,and specimen is illustrated in Fig. 1.9.2 Test LiquidFollow procedures established in Practice5322, Section 6.10. Conditioning Before Immersion10.1 GeogridsCondition samples at 2
31、1 6 2C (70 6 4F)and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 % for not less than40 h prior to weighing or baseline testing and immersion, or allof these.10.2 Test LiquidCondition the test liquid (that is, immer-sion liquid) in the exposure tank, with stirring, for a period ofnot less than 24 h at a rec
32、ommended immersion temperature inPractice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, or both.11. Procedure11.1 Geogrid:11.1.1 Immerse a sufficient number of coupons in the testsolution as specified in Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496, orboth, to perform the required statistical testing for eachimmersion period ca
33、lled for in 11.4.11.1.2 Immerse additional coupons for weight changes andvolatile loss during each immersion period. Record the weightof the coupon to an accuracy of at least 0.1 % of the couponsweight.D 6213 97 (2003)211.1.3 Remove the required and recommended number ofcoupons for testing at the pr
34、escribed test period. Elevatedtemperature coupons should be allowed to cool to roomtemperature in a sample of the immersion fluid. Rinse eachcoupon with de-ionized water and remove any visible liquidresidue on the coupon surface by blotting lightly with water-absorbent, lint free paper towels. Coupo
35、ns should be stored ina sealed container with minimum void volume so as tominimize moisture or volatile(s) loss, or both.NOTE 1The prescribed test period is to be determined by the partiesinvolved.NOTE 2Coupons sealed in a zip-lock polyethylene bags and thenplaced within a container to shield agains
36、t ultraviolet exposure has been anacceptable practice.11.2 Test LiquidMaintain test liquid chemistry and con-centration as established in Practice D 5322 or PracticeD 5496, or both.11.3 Test Specimen Preparation:11.3.1 Remove coupons, one at a time, from storage in thesame order that they entered st
37、orage; that is, first in becomesfirst out.11.3.2 Cut test specimens from coupons.11.3.3 Between tests, specimens should be kept in anairtight container.11.4 The tests to be performed on a geogrid are listed inSection 16. All tests should be completed on the exposedspecimens after each test period. O
38、nly one set of tests must becompleted on the unexposed specimens to establish a baselineof data. For the initial data base, twice as many specimens aslisted below should be tested on the unexposed material inorder to produce a statistical base.11.5 Testing of the material exposed to the leachate mus
39、t bedone within 24 h of removal from the test solution.12. Required Product Testing12.1 Visual ObservationsWritten description of thesamples before and after immersion. Visual appearance canhelp in the interpretation of the data and may explain anoma-lous test results. Appearance items to be conside
40、red mayinclude change from original color, including any mottling,change in surface gloss, change in surface roughness, swellingor other change at the edges of the specimen, scratches,scoring, fracture initiation, or splitting of specimen into sepa-rate parts, and gross specimen changes such as wrin
41、kling,dimensions, or noticeable curling.12.2 Tensile Testing Options:12.2.1 Rib Tensile Test (Option 1):12.2.1.1 Calibrate and balance the tensile testing system.12.2.1.2 Mount the specimen centrally in the clamps andtighten sufficiently to prevent damage to the specimen.12.2.1.3 Set the CRE to be 5
42、0 mm/min. (2 in./min.).12.2.1.4 Rebalance the test system and initiate the test bystarting the testing machine and continue running until ruptureoccurs. Record and report the tensile vs. elongation responseup to, and including failure.12.2.1.5 Repeat 12.2.1.2-12.2.1.4 until ten acceptablebreaks have
43、 been obtained.NOTE 3If a specimen slips in the jaws, breaks at the edge of, or withinthe jaws, or if for any reason attributed to faulty operation, the results fallmarkedly below the average of the set of specimens, discard the result andtest another specimen.12.2.1.6 See 14.1 for calculating rib t
44、ensile strength.12.2.2 Wide Width Tensile Test (Option 2)Use TestMethod D 4595, but modify for geogrids (that is, adjusted forwidth and gage length).12.3 Resin Properties:12.3.1 Polyolefin Geogrids:12.3.1.1 Melt Index:NOTERoll product is supplied by the manufacturer. Samples are cut from the roll pr
45、oduct. Coupons are cut from samples and immersed in liquid.Specimens are cut from coupons for testing.FIG. 1 Relationship Between Roll, Sample, Coupon, and SpecimenD 6213 97 (2003)312.3.1.2 PolyethyleneUse Test Method D 1238 Condition190/2.16.12.3.1.3 PolypropyleneUse Test Method D 1238 Condi-tion 2
46、30/2.16.12.3.2 Polyester Geogrids:12.3.2.1 Inherent ViscosityUse Test Method D 4603 toevaluate the fibrous polyester substrate.13. Recommended Product Testing13.1 Visual ObservationsPhotographic record.13.2 Record additional properties, such as stress and strainat peak and failure, as agreed upon be
47、tween the partiesinvolved.14. Calculation14.1 Rib Tensile Strength:14.1.1 From the test data generated in 12.2, the averageultimate rib tensile strength “Trib” is calculated as:Trib5(i 5 1nTi/n (1)where:Trib= average ultimate rib strength in kN (lb.),Ti= ultimate test strength for each rib in kN (lb
48、.), andn = total number of test specimens (minimum of ten).14.1.2 From the test data generated in 12.2, the averageultimate rib elongation, “Erib” is calculated as:Erib5(i 5 1nEi/n (2)where:Erib= the average ultimate elongation in mm (in.),Ei= ultimate test elongation for each rib in mm (in.), andn
49、= total number of test specimens (minimum of ten).15. Report15.1 State that the immersion procedure was performed asdirected in Practice D 5322 or Practice D 5496.15.2 Geogrid:15.2.1 Describe the geogrid and its condition (for example,any imperfections such as scratches) prior to its immersion inthe test liquid.15.2.2 Describe the method used to sample the geogrid forevaluating chemical resistance to a test liquid.15.3 ConditioningDescribe the conditioning of samplesand test liquid.15.4 Test Liquid:15.4.1 Identify the chemistry of the test liquid (t
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