1、Designation: D 6286 98 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forSelection of Drilling Methods for Environmental SiteCharacterization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides descriptions of various drillingmethods for environmental site characterization a
3、long withadvantages and disadvantages associated with each methoddiscussed. A comprehensive description of these drilling meth-ods can be found in individual ASTM standards, see Section 2.This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drillingmethod(s) for environmental soil and rock borings and
4、theinstallation of monitoring wells and other water-quality moni-toring devices.1.2 This guide does not address methods of well construc-tion, well development, or well completion. These topics arecovered in other ASTM documents, see Section 2.1.3 This guide cannot address all possible subsurface co
5、n-ditions that may occur such as, geologic, topographic, climatic,or anthropogenic. Site evaluation for engineering, design, andconstruction purposes is addressed in Guide D 420.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Because dimensions of materials used in the drillingi
6、ndustry are given in inch-pound units by convention, inch-pound units also are used in this guide.1.5 This guide does not specifically address methods oflithologic sample collection, such as coring, that may requirethe use of a specific drilling method. Other ASTM guidesshould be consulted for sampl
7、ing methods (see Guide D 6169)and equipment necessary for specific projects.1.6 This guide does not purport to comprehensively addressall of the methods and the issues associated with drilling forenvironmental purposes. Users should seek qualified profes-sionals for decisions as to the proper equipm
8、ent and methodsthat would be most successful for their site investigation. Othermethods may be available for drilling and qualified profession-als should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possiblealternatives not covered in this guide. The guide is current atthe time of issue, but new alte
9、rnative methods may becomeavailable prior to revisions; therefore, users should consultwith manufacturers or producers prior to specifying programrequirements.1.7 Pertinent guides addressing specific drilling methods,equipment and procedures are listed in 2.1. A comprehensivelist of guides, methods,
10、 practices, and terminology for drillingis contained in Guide D 5730. Other documents coveringprocedures for environmental site investigations with specificobjectives or in particular geographic settings may be availablefrom federal, state, and other agencies or organizations. Theappropriate agency
11、or organization should be contacted todetermine the availability and most current edition of suchdocuments.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety a
12、nd health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education andexperience and should be used in
13、 conjunction with professionaljudgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable inall circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without
14、 consideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommitt
15、ee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originaly approvedin 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 6286 98.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
16、ed States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Wa
17、lled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 50
18、92 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground WaterD 5753 Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geo-physical LoggingD 5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall
19、Reverse-CirculationDrilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use o
20、f Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD
21、 5872 Guide for Use of Casing Advancement DrillingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5875 Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and SamplingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Mo
22、nitoring DevicesD 5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 6001 Guide for Direct-Push Ground Water Sampling forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationD 6151 Practice for
23、 Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD 6429 Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology used within this g
24、uide, ex-cept where noted, is in accordance with Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 borehole wall, nrefers to the naturally-occurringsoil(s)/rock(s) surrounding the borehole.3.2.2 kelly bar, na formed or machined section of hollowdrill steel used in rotary dri
25、lling, which is joined directly to theswivel at the top and to the drill pipe below. The flats or splinesof the kelly engage the rotary table so that the rotation of therotary table turns the kelly, which in turn, rotates the drill pipeand the rotary bit.3.2.3 mud rings, nsoil or rock cuttings that
26、form a ring orrings on the drill rod(s) during a rotary-drilling method, and assuch, prevent drill cuttings from being carried up and out of theborehole. These rings can cause drill rods to become stuck inthe borehole if sufficient drilling fluid is not injected or pumpeddownhole to keep the cutting
27、s fluid so that the ring(s) cannotform on the drill rods and block the cuttings return as drillingprogresses.3.2.4 orange-peel bucket or boulder catcher, na bucket-type device, somewhat elliptical in shape resembling an orangepeel, that is lowered down the borehole and used to removeboulders from th
28、e bottom of a borehole.4. Significance and Use4.1 The selection of particular method(s) for drilling moni-toring wells (see Table 1) requires that specific characteristicsof each site be considered. These characteristics would include,but are not limited to, the ambient hydrogeologic parametersand c
29、onditions existing at the site. This guide is intended tomake the user aware of some of the various drilling methodsavailable and the applications, advantages and disadvantagesof each with respect to determing ground-water chemistry andother hydrogeologic properties data.4.2 This guide can be used i
30、n conjunction with GuideD 6169. There are several guides that deal with individualdrilling methods (see Guides D 5781, D 5782, D 5783, D 5784,D 5872, D 5875, and D 5876) and how to the complete themfor water quality monitoring device installation (see PracticeD 5092).5. Program Planning and Drilling
31、 Considerations5.1 All factors affecting both surface and subsurface envi-ronment at a specific site requires professional judgment andmust be considered by the geologist/hydrologist or experienceddriller before a drilling method is selected. Significant soil androck masses and ground-water conditio
32、ns within a given siteshould be described and defined, both vertically and horizon-tally, before drilling. Site planning requires a reconnaissancesite investigation that considers access to the drilling site andconditions for setting up the drilling equipment (1).3The extentof site characterization
33、and specific methods used will be2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in par
34、entheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D 6286 98 (2006)2determined by study objectives. Study objectives also willaffect the type and complexity of data collected. Sources ofdata that may be useful during initial site evaluation include,but are not limited to, topographi
35、c maps, aerial photography,satellite imagery, information from reconnaissance drilling,borehole geophysical-log data, geologic maps and reports,statewide or county soil surveys, water-resource reports, welldatabases, and mineral-resource surveys covering the proposedproject area. Available reports o
36、f surface and subsurfaceinvestigations of nearby or adjacent projects should be consid-ered and the information applicable to the current projectevaluated and applied if determined reliable and beneficial.Site-specific surface geophysical surveys (2-5) and direct-pushmethods for soil and ground-wate
37、r data collection (see GuideD 6429 and Guide D 6001) also may be useful for planningdrilling locations.5.2 Site investigations for the purpose of determining thespecific placement locations of monitoring-well installationscan vary greatly due to the availability of reliable site data. Thegeneral pro
38、cedure, however, is as follows. First, gather factualinformation and data regarding the surface and subsurfaceconditions, then analyze the data for completeness and reliabil-ity, develop a conceptual framework or model of the site, andlocate the monitoring wells based on information from the firstth
39、ree steps. To the extent possible, monitoring wells should beinstalled with an understanding of the ambient hydrogeologicsite conditions. Monitoring wells often serve as part of anoverall site investigation for a specific purpose, such asdetermining the chemical quality of the water, gaining insight
40、into hydrochemical processes, or for predicting the effective-ness of aquifer remediation. In these cases, extensive additionalgeotechnical and hydrogeologic information may be required.5.3 If the monitoring well also is to be sampled for waterquality during the drilling process, the possible damage
41、 andsubsequent aquifer contamination caused by drilling-fluid in-vasion of the borehole wall that may occur during drilling mustTABLE 1 Well-Drilling Selection GuideDrilling MethodDrillingFluidCasingAdvanceType ofMaterialDrilledTypicalDrillingDepth,in ftATypicalRange ofBoreholeSizes, inin.SamplesObt
42、ainableBCoringPossibleReferenceSectionPower auger(Hollow-stem)none, water,mudyessoil, weatheredrock1000 236 S, R yes 7.3Direct air rotary air, water, foam yes soil, rock 1500 236 S, R, F yes 7.4DTH hammer air, water, foam yes rock, boulders 1000 36 S, R, F yes 7.6Reverse fluid rotary water, mud yes
43、soil, rock 1000 1236 S, R, F yes 7.7Cable tool water yes soil, rock 5000 424S, R, F (Fbelowwater table)yes 8Casing-advancer air, water, mud yessoil, rock,boulders2000 216 S, R, F yes 9Direct-push technology none yes soil 100 1.53 S, F yes 10Sonic (vibratory)none, water,mud, airyessoil, rock,boulders
44、500 412 S, R, F yes 11Jet percussion water no soil 50 24 S no 12Jetting water yes soil 50 4 S no 12AActual achievable drilled depths will vary depending on the ambient geohydrologic conditions existing at the site and size of drilling equipment used. For example, large,high-torque rigs can drill to
45、greater depths than their smaller counterparts under favorable site conditions. Boreholes drilled using air/air foam can reach greater depthsmore efficiently using two-stage positive-displacement compressors having the capability of developing working pressures of 250 to 350 psi and 500 to 750 cfm,
46、particularlywhen submergence requires higher pressures. The smaller rotary-type compressors only are capable of producing a maximum working pressure of 125 psi and produce500 to 1200 cfm. Likewise, the rig mast must be constructed to safely carry the anticipated working loads expected. To allow for
47、contigencies, it is recommended that therated capacity of the mast be at least twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.BSoil = S (Cuttings), Rock=R(Cuttings), Fluid=F(some samples might require accessory sampling devices to obtain).D 6286 98 (2006)3be considered. For installation of
48、 monitoring wells designedfor water-sample collection, preferred drilling methods arethose that do not require the use of a drilling fluid, or if adrilling fluid is used, result in little or no drilling-fluid invasionof the borehole wall. Drilling-fluid invasion of the boreholewall normally results
49、from the use of a poorly-controlled andimproperly-designed drilling-fluid program.5.4 Drilling methods that advance the casing as drillingproceeds are very effective methods to minimize the effects ofdrilling-fluid invasion of the borehole wall. Casing-advancedrilling methods include, or can be used with, cable-tooldrilling, hollow-stem auger drilling, reverse-circulation drillingusing dual- or triple-wall drill pipe, fluid- and air-rotarydrilling, rotosonic drilling methods, and driven wells. If thetendency of this method is to overream the hole, contaminationmay m
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