1、Designation: D 6306 98 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide forPlacement and Use of Diffusion Controlled Passive Monitorsfor Gaseous Pollutants in Indoor Air1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6306; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the placement and use of diffusioncontrolled monitors in
3、the indoor atmosphere.1.2 Diffusion controlled passive monitors within this guideinclude both area and personal monitors for use in residences,public buildings, offices, and other non-industrial workplacesand dwelling environments. A passive monitor is any airmonitor that does not utilize electrical
4、 or mechanical power inorder to supply air to the sorbent media or chemical reactantwithin the monitor and sample according to Ficks first law ofdiffusion.1.3 The purpose of this guide is to ensure uniformity ofsampling within a variety of indoor environments and tofacilitate comparison of results.1
5、.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Do
6、cuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD 4597 Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres toCollect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent DiffusiveSamplersD 3614 Guide for Laboratorie
7、s Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and Emissions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guiderefer to Terminology D 1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 passive monitora diffusion controlled air monitorthat does not utilize electrical
8、 or mechanical power in order tosupply air to the sorbent media or chemical reactant within themonitor. These monitors may be worn by an individual(personal passive monitor) or used as sampling devices withinspecific locations (area passive monitor).4. Summary of Guide4.1 Contaminants in air are sam
9、pled by collection with asorbent or chemically reactive medium in order to undergosubsequent analysis for determination of concentration. Con-taminants in air are transported to the sorption medium orreacting chemical through vapor or gas diffusion. During thesampling process, the compounds, in a mo
10、lecular state, diffusefrom the environment adjacent to the sampler through a firstregion of defined geometric structure and into a secondadsorbing region containing the sorbent.4.2 Guidance is provided for the placement, handling, anduse of passive air monitors within an indoor environment.5. Signif
11、icance and Use5.1 The objective of this guide is to provide guidance for theplacement and use of passive monitors that when uniformlyapplied enables the user to eliminate many interferences in thesampling of indoor air. Since the analysis of the indoorenvironment by passive air monitors is influence
12、d by manyfactors other than the method of sampling, efforts are made tominimize interfering factors and maintain the air at conditionstypical of the measurement location within the vicinity of thepassive air monitor. However, when performing diagnostic orspecial measurements, non-typical indoor air
13、environmentconditions may be desirable or required. Thus, the objectives ofa sampling study may determine the conditions needed forsampling.5.2 Passive sampling provides for time integrated measure-ments. Passive monitors are usually placed in an indoorenvironment over a time period to obtain a cumu
14、lative sample;1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Samplingand Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved October 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition
15、approved in 1998 as D 6306 - 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International
16、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.hence, interfering factors should be anticipated and eliminatedwhere possible. Passive monitors often lack the sensitivity tomeasure short-term peak concentrations.5.3 With suitable instruction regarding placement
17、of passivemonitors, placement and retrieval of the monitors can beperformed by unskilled personnel (for example, occupants).6. General Principles6.1 The choice of a passive monitor, characteristics of thesampling site, number of sampling points, number of monitors,and number of sampling periods depe
18、nds on the objectives ofthe monitoring program.6.2 Passive monitors rely on air currents within an indoorenvironment for circulation of a representative sample atmo-sphere to the vicinity of the monitor. Therefore, it is essentialthat air circulation in the vicinity of the sampler be sufficient toke
19、ep the boundary layer thin enough so that the analyte candiffuse across it, preventing a localized concentration depletionby the monitor. The adequacy of the sampling is directlyinfluenced by the location and subsequent exposure of themonitor to a representative indoor atmosphere.6.3 The objective o
20、f the study may affect the type ofmonitor selected and the location of placement. In generalterms, Practice D 1357 will acquaint the user with establishedoverall study considerations.7. Sampling with Passive Monitors7.1 Inspect the monitor and package carefully. The monitoror its protective packagin
21、g may have been damaged duringshipment. The user should not directly contact the monitor withbare skin and, in no case, permit anything to contact thesampling face.7.2 Calibration of the Passive MonitorInformation relat-ing to calibration may be found in Practice D 4597. Thesedocuments also provide
22、information relating to the determina-tion of the required minimum sampling time.7.3 The sampling period begins when lid, cover, or protec-tive container of the monitor is removed to permit sampling bythe monitor. The starting time of the sampling period should betranscribed to a log-book or appropr
23、iate form and on themonitor label. The writing instrument, for example, markers,should not provide the potential of contamination to themonitor. A means of resealing or replacing the monitor lid orcover should be ensured.7.4 The monitor should have a permanently attached iden-tification code or seri
24、al number that should be transcribed to alog-book or an appropriate form. The logbook should includeinformation describing the location of the monitor and perti-nent information regarding the building and deployment area,such as construction, type of heating system, insulation,occupancy number and p
25、atterns, and major appliance location.A room deployment should additionally list location within theroom: activities, general location of furnishings, possiblesinks/sources, vents, and other relevant features. Include adiagram of the sampling location and building, depicting theinformation listed in
26、 this subsection. If the occupant deploysthe monitor, sufficient instructions should be included regard-ing proper location and sampling procedures. A form should beincluded for easy collection of occupant information necessaryfor log-book entries.7.5 If the monitor is deployed for other than a scre
27、eningmeasurement, the monitor should be placed by an experiencedprofessional familiar with the monitor used. For specificdiagnostic measurements, a deviation from the guidelines inthis document is permissible.7.6 Recovery of the Passive Monitor:7.6.1 The sampling period is terminated when the monito
28、r issealed and removed from the sampling environment.7.6.2 Record the time and date for measurement terminationin a logbook or on any appropriate form and on the monitorlabel. Any damage to the monitor or variation in the monitorplacement since deployment should be noted in the log-book oron any app
29、ropriate form.7.6.3 Adequate information should be entered into thelogbook to permit interpretation of results and comparison tosimilar measurements. Any variation in the sampling location,building structure, or building systems should be noted.7.6.4 The monitor should be analyzed within time specif
30、i-cations of the specific monitor used.8. Procedure8.1 Factors Affecting Use of Passive Monitors:8.1.1 Detection LimitThe detection limit for the passivemonitor may preclude obtaining useful results if the concen-tration in the test area is insufficient to exceed the detectionlimit during the minimu
31、m sampling duration.8.1.1.1 Minimum Sampling DurationThe duration ofsampling can affect the results obtained. If the concentration inthe air is low, a short sampling time may not produce anacceptable mass of sampled material on the monitor. Monitorsmay require a minimum sampling duration to achieve
32、repre-sentative results.8.1.2 AccuracyThe accuracy of the monitor selectedshould be appropriate for the testing purpose. The duration ofsampling and the exposure concentration may affect thetechnically claimed accuracy (see 10.2).8.1.3 PrecisionPrecision of all monitors should be deter-mined for eac
33、h use through the application of field blanksamples, duplicates, and laboratory controls. Five percent ofthe monitors should be held for blanks and 10 % used asduplicates (see 10.2).8.1.4 SelectivityThe monitor chosen should be as selec-tive as possible for the contaminant species and concentrationr
34、ange of interest to avoid problems of interference.8.1.5 InterferencesSome passive monitors will measuremultiple contaminants as a single integrated result, that is, poorselectivity. The concentration of the interfering species may ormay not significantly affect the results of the intended speciesof
35、 interest. Any interfering species should be investigated forconcentration and deleterious effect upon the results of thespecies of interest.8.1.6 Sampling Rate Air VelocityMost passive monitorsoperate on the principle of diffusion; hence, either excessiveairflow that modifies calibrated diffusion o
36、r lack of airflowcausing a starvation effect will impact adversely on theresulting measurement through altering the sampling rate.D 6306 98 (2003)28.1.7 Performance FactorsThe monitor may not be100 % efficient as a means of capture, adhesion, absorption,reaction, and so forth. The required performan
37、ce must beconsidered for monitor selection with regards to detectionlimits and final results likely to be encountered.8.1.7.1 TemperatureMonitors should only be deployedunder the suggested range of operating temperatures.8.1.7.2 HumidityMonitors should be deployed only underthe suggested range of op
38、erating humidities. Humidity mayinterfere with the operation of some monitors.8.1.8 Proximity of SourcesDeployment of the monitornear a source of the species of interest or of an interferingspecies may result in non-representative results. Where knownsources exist, efforts should be made to deploy t
39、he monitor ina more representative location unless sampling in the vicinityof that source/sink forms an integral part of the samplingstrategy. Known sources should be listed in a log-book or on anappropriate form.8.2 Deployment:8.2.1 The monitors should be deployed as early as possiblewithin limitat
40、ions of any known or indicated storage life.8.2.2 Collocated monitors should be deployed at the sametime, either as duplicates or concurrent samples, dependingupon the objectives of the measurements.9. Selection of Monitoring Locations9.1 Passive Air MonitorsPersonal.9.1.1 Breathing ZoneThe location
41、 in the atmosphere atwhich persons breathe. This measurement location is intendedto represent the air actually inhaled by the study subject.However, exhaled air will also be sampled at this location.Therefore, exhaled gases may be detected that were notinitially present in the atmosphere surrounding
42、 the subject.9.1.2 Other LocationsThese locations are generally se-lected for the sake of convenience or comfort for the subject.The selected location must conform to the needs of the studyand be free of potential obstruction to the sampling environ-ment and the subject.9.2 Passive MonitorsArea.9.2.
43、1 Building MeasurementsFor a complete building,monitors should be placed at representative locations consid-ering each floor, room, activity area, and zone of the HVACsystem. No single measurement can provide adequate informa-tion regarding concentration for an entire building.9.2.1.1 LocationsThe l
44、ocation of placement for a passivemonitor must consider the space served by each HVAC system,the type and the level of activity, and occupant traffic occurringwithin the placement zone. The purpose of testing will deter-mine whether and where additional monitors should be placedseparately. The locat
45、ion may be selected to compare healthconcerns (case versus control) or with varying proximity.9.2.1.2 Indoor Atmospheric Conditions:(a) The monitor should be placed in a central location thatis both unobstructed and representative of the actual used areaof the room. The location should not interfere
46、 with normaloccupant activities.(b) HumidityLocations near water basins, tubs, showers,stoves, washers, driers, humidifiers/dehumidifiers, or otherknown sources/sinks of humidity should be avoided.(c) TemperatureLocations near furnaces, vents, sinks,tubs, showers, electric lights, air conditioners,
47、or other devicesthat may directly or indirectly generate heat/cold should beavoided.(d) MeteorologicLocations in direct sunlight or nearseasonal or short-term variations from weather should beavoided, for example, near windows, drafty openings, andintake/exhaust vents.(e) AirflowLocations in direct
48、airflow, such as nearHVAC vents, appliance fan vents, and computer cooling fans,should be avoided. Areas with a known air-flow due to pressuredifferentials between rooms should be avoided. Air withinsufficient circulation to provide a representative atmosphereto the monitor should be avoided.9.2.1.3
49、 Spatial ConsiderationsThe monitors should beplaced in open and unobstructed positions where typical aircirculation will be adequate. The monitor should be placed atleast 20 cm below the ceiling (but not near lighting or airvents), 50 cm above the floor, and 15 cm from a wall.Locations near outside walls should be avoided, if possible.Suspension by thread from the ceiling may be suitable.Placement on shelves or in corners is undesirable. The motionexperienced by thread suspension of monitors may helpprevent air starvation of the monitor (see 6.2). The passivem
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