1、Designation: D6306 10Standard Guide forPlacement and Use of Diffusion Controlled Passive Monitorsfor Gaseous Pollutants in Indoor Air1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6306; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the placement and use of diffusioncontrolled monitors in the indoor atmosphere
3、.1.2 Diffusion controlled passive monitors within this guideinclude both area and personal monitors for use in residences,public buildings, offices, and other non-industrial workplacesand dwelling environments. A passive monitor is any airmonitor that does not utilize electrical or mechanical power
4、inorder to supply air to the sorbent media or chemical reactantwithin the monitor and sample according to Ficks first law ofdiffusion.1.3 The purpose of this guide is to ensure uniformity ofsampling within a variety of indoor environments and tofacilitate comparison of results.1.4 The values stated
5、in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and he
6、alth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD4597 Practice for Sampling Workplace At
7、mospheres toCollect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent DiffusiveSamplersD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and Emissions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guiderefer to Terminology D1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Thi
8、s Standard:3.2.1 passive monitora diffusion controlled air monitorthat does not utilize electrical or mechanical power in order tosupply air to the sorbent media or chemical reactant within themonitor. These monitors may be worn by an individual(personal passive monitor) or used as sampling devices
9、withinspecific locations (area passive monitor).4. Summary of Guide4.1 Contaminants in air are sampled by collection with asorbent or chemically reactive medium in order to undergosubsequent analysis for determination of concentration. Con-taminants in air are transported to the sorption medium orre
10、acting chemical through vapor or gas diffusion. During thesampling process, the compounds, in a molecular state, diffusefrom the environment adjacent to the sampler through a firstregion of defined geometric structure and into a secondadsorbing region containing the sorbent.4.2 Guidance is provided
11、for the placement, handling, anduse of passive air monitors within an indoor environment.5. Significance and Use5.1 The objective of this guide is to provide guidance for theplacement and use of passive monitors that when uniformlyapplied enables the user to eliminate many interferences in thesampli
12、ng of indoor air. Since the analysis of the indoorenvironment by passive air monitors is influenced by manyfactors other than the method of sampling, efforts are made tominimize interfering factors and maintain the air at conditionstypical of the measurement location within the vicinity of thepassiv
13、e air monitor. However, when performing diagnostic orspecial measurements, non-typical indoor air environment1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Publis
14、hed April 2010. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6306 - 98(2003).DOI: 10.1520/D6306-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.conditions may be desirable or required. Thus, the objectives ofa sampling study may determine the conditions needed fors
16、ampling.5.2 Passive sampling provides for time integrated measure-ments. Passive monitors are usually placed in an indoorenvironment over a time period to obtain a cumulative sample;hence, interfering factors should be anticipated and eliminatedwhere possible. Passive monitors often lack the sensiti
17、vity tomeasure short-term peak concentrations.5.3 With suitable instruction regarding placement of passivemonitors, placement and retrieval of the monitors can beperformed by unskilled personnel (for example, occupants).6. General Principles6.1 The choice of a passive monitor, characteristics of the
18、sampling site, number of sampling points, number of monitors,and number of sampling periods depends on the objectives ofthe monitoring program.6.2 Passive monitors rely on air currents within an indoorenvironment for circulation of a representative sample atmo-sphere to the vicinity of the monitor.
19、Therefore, it is essentialthat air circulation in the vicinity of the sampler be sufficient tokeep the boundary layer thin enough so that the analyte candiffuse across it, preventing a localized concentration depletionby the monitor. The adequacy of the sampling is directlyinfluenced by the location
20、 and subsequent exposure of themonitor to a representative indoor atmosphere.6.3 The objective of the study may affect the type ofmonitor selected and the location of placement. In generalterms, Practice D1357 will acquaint the user with establishedoverall study considerations.7. Sampling with Passi
21、ve Monitors7.1 Inspect the monitor and package carefully. The monitoror its protective packaging may have been damaged duringshipment. The user should not directly contact the monitor withbare skin and, in no case, permit anything to contact thesampling face.7.2 Calibration of the Passive MonitorInf
22、ormation relat-ing to calibration may be found in Practice D4597. Thesedocuments also provide information relating to the determina-tion of the required minimum sampling time.7.3 The sampling period begins when lid, cover, or protec-tive container of the monitor is removed to permit sampling bythe m
23、onitor. The starting time of the sampling period should betranscribed to a logbook or appropriate form and on themonitor label. The writing instrument, for example, markers,should not provide the potential of contamination to themonitor. A means of resealing or replacing the monitor lid orcover shou
24、ld be ensured.7.4 The monitor should have a permanently attached iden-tification code or serial number that should be transcribed to alogbook or an appropriate form. The logbook should includeinformation describing the location of the monitor and perti-nent information regarding the building and dep
25、loyment area,such as construction, type of heating system, insulation,occupancy number and patterns, and major appliance location.A room deployment should additionally list location within theroom: activities, general location of furnishings, possiblesinks/sources, vents, and other relevant features
26、. Include adiagram of the sampling location and building, depicting theinformation listed in this subsection. If the occupant deploysthe monitor, sufficient instructions should be included regard-ing proper location and sampling procedures.Aform should beincluded for easy collection of occupant info
27、rmation necessaryfor logbook entries.7.5 If the monitor is deployed for other than a screeningmeasurement, the monitor should be placed by an experiencedprofessional familiar with the monitor used. For specificdiagnostic measurements, a deviation from the guidelines inthis document is permissible.7.
28、6 Recovery of the Passive Monitor:7.6.1 The sampling period is terminated when the monitor issealed and removed from the sampling environment.7.6.2 Record the time and date for measurement terminationin a logbook or on any appropriate form and on the monitorlabel. Any damage to the monitor or variat
29、ion in the monitorplacement since deployment should be noted in the logbook oron any appropriate form.7.6.3 Adequate information should be entered into thelogbook to permit interpretation of results and comparison tosimilar measurements. Any variation in the sampling location,building structure, or
30、building systems should be noted.7.6.4 The monitor should be analyzed within time specifi-cations of the specific monitor used.8. Procedure8.1 Factors Affecting Use of Passive Monitors:8.1.1 Detection LimitThe detection limit for the passivemonitor may preclude obtaining useful results if the concen
31、-tration in the test area is insufficient to exceed the detectionlimit during the minimum sampling duration.8.1.1.1 Minimum Sampling DurationThe duration ofsampling can affect the results obtained. If the concentration inthe air is low, a short sampling time may not produce anacceptable mass of samp
32、led material on the monitor. Monitorsmay require a minimum sampling duration to achieve repre-sentative results.8.1.2 AccuracyThe accuracy of the monitor selectedshould be appropriate for the testing purpose. The duration ofsampling and the exposure concentration may affect thetechnically claimed ac
33、curacy (see 10.2).8.1.3 PrecisionPrecision of all monitors should be deter-mined for each use through the application of field blanksamples, duplicates, and laboratory controls. Five percent ofthe monitors should be held for blanks and 10 % used asduplicates (see 10.2).8.1.4 SelectivityThe monitor c
34、hosen should be as selec-tive as possible for the contaminant species and concentrationrange of interest to avoid problems of interference.8.1.5 InterferencesSome passive monitors will measuremultiple contaminants as a single integrated result, that is, poorselectivity. The concentration of the inte
35、rfering species may ormay not significantly affect the results of the intended speciesof interest. Any interfering species should be investigated forconcentration and deleterious effect upon the results of thespecies of interest.D6306 1028.1.6 Sampling Rate Air VelocityMost passive monitorsoperate o
36、n the principle of diffusion; hence, either excessiveairflow that modifies calibrated diffusion or lack of airflowcausing a starvation effect will impact adversely on theresulting measurement through altering the sampling rate.8.1.7 Performance FactorsThe monitor may not be100 % efficient as a means
37、 of capture, adhesion, absorption,reaction, and so forth. The required performance must beconsidered for monitor selection with regards to detectionlimits and final results likely to be encountered.8.1.7.1 TemperatureMonitors should only be deployedunder the suggested range of operating temperatures
38、.8.1.7.2 HumidityMonitors should be deployed only underthe suggested range of operating humidities. Humidity mayinterfere with the operation of some monitors.8.1.8 Proximity of SourcesDeployment of the monitornear a source of the species of interest or of an interferingspecies may result in non-repr
39、esentative results. Where knownsources exist, efforts should be made to deploy the monitor ina more representative location unless sampling in the vicinityof that source/sink forms an integral part of the samplingstrategy. Known sources should be listed in a logbook or on anappropriate form.8.2 Depl
40、oyment:8.2.1 The monitors should be deployed as early as possiblewithin limitations of any known or indicated storage life.8.2.2 Collocated monitors should be deployed at the sametime, either as duplicates or concurrent samples, dependingupon the objectives of the measurements.9. Selection of Monito
41、ring Locations9.1 Passive Air MonitorsPersonal.9.1.1 Breathing ZoneThe location in the atmosphere atwhich persons breathe. This measurement location is intendedto represent the air actually inhaled by the study subject.However, exhaled air will also be sampled at this location.Therefore, exhaled gas
42、es may be detected that were notinitially present in the atmosphere surrounding the subject.9.1.2 Other LocationsThese locations are generally se-lected for the sake of convenience or comfort for the subject.The selected location must conform to the needs of the studyand be free of potential obstruc
43、tion to the sampling environ-ment and the subject.9.2 Passive MonitorsArea.9.2.1 Building MeasurementsFor a complete building,monitors should be placed at representative locations consid-ering each floor, room, activity area, and zone of the HVACsystem. No single measurement can provide adequate inf
44、orma-tion regarding concentration for an entire building.9.2.1.1 LocationsThe location of placement for a passivemonitor must consider the space served by each HVAC system,the type and the level of activity, and occupant traffic occurringwithin the placement zone. The purpose of testing will deter-m
45、ine whether and where additional monitors should be placedseparately. The location may be selected to compare healthconcerns (case versus control) or with varying proximity.9.2.1.2 Indoor Atmospheric Conditions:(a) The monitor should be placed in a central location thatis both unobstructed and repre
46、sentative of the actual used areaof the room. The location should not interfere with normaloccupant activities.(b) HumidityLocations near water basins, tubs, showers,stoves, washers, driers, humidifiers/dehumidifiers, or otherknown sources/sinks of humidity should be avoided.(c) TemperatureLocations
47、 near furnaces, vents, sinks,tubs, showers, electric lights, air conditioners, or other devicesthat may directly or indirectly generate heat/cold should beavoided.(d) MeteorologicLocations in direct sunlight or nearseasonal or short-term variations from weather should beavoided, for example, near wi
48、ndows, drafty openings, andintake/exhaust vents.(e) AirflowLocations in direct airflow, such as nearHVAC vents, appliance fan vents, and computer cooling fans,should be avoided.Areas with a known air-flow due to pressuredifferentials between rooms should be avoided. Air withinsufficient circulation
49、to provide a representative atmosphereto the monitor should be avoided.9.2.1.3 Spatial ConsiderationsThe monitors should beplaced in open and unobstructed positions where typical aircirculation will be adequate. The monitor should be placed atleast 20 cm below the ceiling (but not near lighting or airvents), 50 cm above the floor, and 15 cm from a wall.Locations near outside walls should be avoided, if possible.Suspension by thread from the ceiling may be suitable.Placement on shelves or in corners is undesirable. The motionexperienced by thread suspension of
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