1、Designation: D 6364 06Standard Test Method forDetermining Short-Term Compression Behavior ofGeosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6364; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedures for evaluation ofthe deformations of a geosynthetic or combination of geosyn-thetic
3、s (that is, geocomposite (excluding geotextiles, geomem-branes, and geosynthetic clay liners) under short-term com-pressive loading. This test method is strictly an index testmethod to be used to verify the compressive strength consis-tency of a given manufactured geosynthetic(s). Results fromthis t
4、est method should not be considered as an indication ofactual or long-term performance of the geosynthetic(s) in fieldapplications.1.2 Since these geosynthetics may experience muti-directional compressive loadings in the field, this test methodwill not show actual field performance and should not be
5、 usedfor this specific objective. The evaluator of the results shouldalso recognize that the determination of the short-term singleplane compressive behavior of geosynthetics does not reflectthe installed performance of synthetic drainage systems and,therefore, should not be used as the only method
6、of productspecification or performance with respect to synthetic drainagesystems.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate health andsafety practices and to dete
7、rmine the applicability of regula-tory limitations prior to use.1.4 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.Values in inch-pound units are provided in parentheses forinformation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD 44
8、39 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD 7001 Specification for Geocomposites for PavementEdge Drains and Other High-Flow Applications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 compressive deformation, L, nthe decrease ingage length produced in
9、 the test specimen by a compressiveload.3.1.2 compressive strain, nd, nthe ratio of compressivedeformation to the gage length of the test specimen.3.1.3 gage length, L, nin compression testing, the mea-sured thickness of the test specimen under specified compres-sional force, expressed in units of l
10、ength prior to compressiveloading. (D 5199)3.1.4 geocomposite, na product fabricated from any com-bination of geosynthetics with geotechnical materials or othersynthetics that is used in a geotechnical application.3.1.5 geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with fo
11、undation, soil, rock, earth, orany other geotechnical engineering-related material as anintegral part of a man-made project, structure, or system.(D 4439)3.1.6 index test, na test procedure that may contain aknown bias but that may be used to establish an order for a setof specimens with respect to
12、the property of interest.(D 4439)3.1.7 yield point, nthe first point on the load-deformationcurve at which an increase in deformation occurs without acorresponding increase in load.3.1.7.1 DiscussionSome geosynthetics do not exhibit anexact yield point. The tested geosynthetic may exhibit a lessstee
13、p slope at yield. In addition, it should be stated that theyield point may also be the ultimate strength of the geosyn-thetic.3.1.8 For definitions of terms relating to geotextiles, refer toTerminology D 44391This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the
14、 direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-cal Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 6364 - 99(2004).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
15、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Me
16、thod4.1 Specimens are mounted between parallel plates in a loadframe. Compressive loads are applied at a constant rate ofcrosshead movement. The deformations are recorded as afunction of load. The compressive stress and strain are evalu-ated and plotted. The compressive yield point is evaluated from
17、the stress/strain relationship for those materials that exhibit adetectable compressive yield point.5. Significance and Use5.1 The compression behavior test for geosynthetics isintended to be an index test. It is anticipated that the results ofthe compression behavior test will be used to evaluate p
18、roduct.The results of the analyses may also be used to compare therelative compressive yield points of materials that exhibit adetectable compressive yield point. It is anticipated that thistest will be used for quality control testing to evaluateuniformity and consistency within a lot or between lo
19、ts wheresample geometry factors (for example, thickness) or materialsmay have changed.NOTE 1This is a one-dimensional test for compressive loading of ageosynthetic(s) in one plane.5.1.1 The compressive yield point of geosynthetics may beevaluated from the stress/strain relationship. Many materialsex
20、hibit compressive deformation but may not show a distinctcompressive yield point.5.2 This test method can be used to evaluate the short-termstress/strain behavior of geosynthetics under compressivestress while loaded at a constant rate of deformation.5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance t
21、esting ofcommercial shipments of geosynthetics but caution is advisedbecause interlab testing is incomplete.5.3.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier shoul
22、d conduct comparative tests to determine if there isstatistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statisticalassistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As aminimum, two parties should take a group of test specimensfrom material shipped to the project. The test specimens should
23、then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratoryfor testing. The average results from the two laboratoriesshould be compared using the Students t-test for unpaired dataand an acceptable probability level chosen by the two partiesbefore the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its
24、causemust be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier mustagree to interpret future test results in the light of the knownbias.6. Apparatus6.1 Loading MechanismThe loading mechanism shall becapable of applying compressive loads at a constant rate ofdeformation of 10 % on the nominal thickne
25、ss of the testspecimen per minute or 1 mm/min, whichever is greater. Thecapacity of the load frame shall be at least two times greaterthan the compressive yield point of or the maximum loadapplied to the specimen.NOTE 2Some loading mechanisms, especially the older models, donot have the capability o
26、f adjusting the rate of deformation to the specificrate required. For these instruments, the user and producer shouldestablish mutually agreed upon testing rates. However, the rate ofdeformation selected should not be greater than 10 % on the nominalthickness of the test specimen per minute or 1 mm/
27、min, whichever isgreater.6.2 Fixed PlateThe fixed plate shall be larger than thespecimen to be tested. It shall also be flat, smooth, andcompletely and uniformly supported.NOTE 3It is recommended that the minimum fixed plate width beequal to the sample width plus twice the thickness of the test samp
28、le. Thisshould support the sample through the range of deformation and preventdraping or flexing displacement.6.3 Movable PlateThe movable plate shall be of sufficientthickness and strength to preclude any bending during loading.It shall be parallel to the fixed plate and attached to thecompression
29、mechanism. A spherical loading block of thesuspended, self-aligning type is recommended. The dimensionsand shape of the movable plate shall depend on the specimendimensions and geometry. In general, both length and width ofthe movable plate should each be at least 20 % greater than thelength and wid
30、th of the specimens.NOTE 4Where the sample exhibits excessive surface irregularities orvariation in thickness, the plates may be modified to accommodate surfaceirregularities and thickness variations. This can be achieved by theinsertion of a layer of hardening paste between the specimen and theplat
31、es. The surface of the specimen may require covering with a flexiblefilm to inhibit the intrusion of the paste into the specimen. The hardenedpaste, when fully cured, must be well adhered to the loading plates andhave compressive and shear strength properties at least a magnitudegreater than the spe
32、cimen to be tested.6.4 Variable Plates (Required for High-Flow Products perSpecification D 7001) Variable inclined plates or set angledblocks should be used to test the specimen under non-axialconditions. The test apparatus shall have one fixed plate andone movable plate. Fig. 1 shows set angled blo
33、cks with amovable base block with a roller system to allow lateralmovement of the block during deformation (see 6.4.1). Thebase and top inclined plates can be adjustable angle plates. Theinclined plates or set angled blocks must meet the requirementsas stated in 6.3 of this test method. The base and
34、 top inclinedplates or blocks must have a matched set of angles that differby no more than 0.5 degrees. The incline plates or blocks shallbe roughened or ribbed to keep specimen from sliding downthe fixed plate or block during the test. The samples should bemarked in regards to plates or blocks to c
35、heck for slippageduring the test. If mutual agreement is obtained between themanufacturer and user, other facings to the plates or blocks canbe used. Allowable percent reduction in strength based on theload angle should also be agreed upon.NOTE 5The use of inclined plates or blocks may assist the ma
36、nufac-turer or user to evaluate the deformation of the geosynthetic(s) underloading at various angles. The use of inclined plates may not reflect thein-service performance of synthetic drainage systems.6.4.1 WarningThe deformation of the geosyntheticswithin a testing apparatus may occur rapidly in a
37、 lateraldirection (or not in the direction of loading) which coulddamage the testing apparatus. This is particularly true when thegeosynthetic is tested using inclined plates. The user of this testD6364062method must be aware the testing apparatus ability to handlea lateral movement of the geosynthe
38、tic or loading plate duringthe performance of this test.6.5 Load IndicatorUse a load-indicating mechanism thathas an accuracy of 61 % of the maximum indicated value ofthe test (force).6.6 Deformation IndicatorUse a deformation-indicatingmechanism that has an accuracy of 61.0 % of the maximumindicate
39、d value of the test (deformation).6.7 Micrometer Dial Gage, caliper or steel rule, suitable formeasuring dimensions of the specimens to 61%.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleDivide the product into lots and take thelot sample as directed in Practice D 4354, only if it pertains togeosynthetics listed in Pract
40、ice D 4354.7.2 Laboratory SampleUnits in the laboratory sampleshould be the same as the units in the lot sample for the lot tobe tested. Take a sample extending across the full width (thatis, cross-machine direction) of the geosynthetic production unitof sufficient length (that is, machine direction
41、) so that therequirements of 7.3 can be met. Take a sample that will excludematerial from the outer wrap of a roll (if applicable) unless thesample is taken at the production site, then the inner and outerwrap material may be used. Geocomposites, which haveunbonded distinct materials (for example, s
42、ock wrapped geo-synthetic drain), should be sampled as a complete unit andmaintained as a complete unit through the testing process.7.3 Test SpecimensCut five specimens from each unit inthe laboratory sample with each specimen being at least 120mm 3 120 mm (4.7 in. 3 4.7 in.) square. For geosyntheti
43、csthat have a repeating pattern of discrete support points (col-umns, cusps, nodes, etc.) that are symmetrical about orthogonalaxes, rectangular or square specimens are recommended. Theminimum specimen length and width shall include at least fivecomplete support points along each major axis of the g
44、eosyn-thetic or be 120 mm (4.7 in.), whichever is greater. Whentesting geosynthetics that have repeating patterns that are notorthogonal to the length and width of the geosynthetic, use aspecimen size agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier.When the design of the geosynthetic is such that cutt
45、ing in thewidth direction would change its structural integrity, the fullwidth of the geosynthetic should be tested.8. Conditioning8.1 Test the specimens in a laboratory with air maintained ata temperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F) and a relative humiditybetween 50 % 70 %.FIG. 1 Example of Inclined Block
46、sD63640638.2 If the user determines that the geosynthetic is to betested in the wet condition, saturate the specimen in water atthe temperature described in 8.1 for a minimum of 24 h priorto testing.NOTE 6Geosynthetics, which do not absorb measurable quantities ofwater, should be saturated for a min
47、imum of 3 h prior to testing.9. Procedure9.1 Measure the length, width, and thickness of the speci-men to an accuracy of 61 %. For geosynthetics with arepeating pattern of discrete support points, measure thespacing of the repeating features in order to determine thenumber of support points per squa
48、re metre. Also, record thenumber of complete support points in the specimens.9.1.1 The nominal thickness shall be determined using TestMethod D 5199 at 20 kPa (2.9 lbf/in.2), since this is theminimum pressure at which geocomposites remain flat.9.2 The test specimen shall be placed on the bottom plat
49、eand centered with respect to the axis of the loading mechanism.The loading mechanism shall be moving at the requiredconstant speed at or before the point of contact with thesample.9.3 The rate of crosshead movement shall be 10 % on thenominal thickness of the test specimen per minute or 1 6 0.1mm (0.04 6 0.004 in.)/min, whichever is greater or as agreedby the user and manufacturer.9.4 Use crosshead movement as a measure of deformation.If an automatic recorder is not used, measure the deformationin increments no greater than 0.5 % of the original th
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