ASTM D6384-2011 red 3750 Standard Terminology Relating to Biodegradability and Ecotoxicity of Lubricants《润滑剂的生物降解性和生态毒性的相关标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation:D638499a (Reapproved 2005) Designation: D6384 11Standard Terminology Relating toBiodegradability and Ecotoxicity of Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6384; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas

2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions relating to biodegradability and ecotoxicity of lubrica

3、nts.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsD6139 Test Method for Determining theAerobicAquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components Using the GledhillShake Flask3. Terminologyactivated s

4、ludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consisting mainly of bacteria and other aquatic microrganisms, that is producedat a domestic wastewater treatment plant; activated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treatment to microbiallyoxidize dissolved organic matter in the effluent. D6139acute

5、ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material to produce adverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short period, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the life span.acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test in whic

6、h a representative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for a short period, usually not constituting a substantial portion of theirlife span.aerobic, adj(1 ) taking place in the presence of oxygen; (2) living or active in the presence of ox

7、ygen. D6139biodegradation, nthe process of chemical break-down or transformation of a substance caused by organisms or their enzymes.D5864biomass, nany material, excluding fossil fuels, which is or was, a living organism or component of a living organism.biological material including any material ot

8、her than fossil fuels which is or was a living organism or component or productof a living organism.DISCUSSIONIn biology and environmental science, biomass is typically expressed as density of biological material per unit sample volume, area,or mass (g biomass/g(or/mLor/cm2) sample); when used for p

9、roducts derived from organisms biomass is typically expressed in terms of mass(kg, MT, etc.) or volume (L, m3, bbl, etc.).DISCUSSIONProducts of living organisms include those materials produced directly by living organisms as metabolites (for example, ethanol,various carbohydrates and fatty acids),

10、materials manufactured by processing living organisms (for example, pellets manufactured by shredding andpelletizing plant material) and materials produced by processing living organisms, their components or metabolites (for example, transesterified oil;also called biodiesel).blank, nin biodegradabi

11、lity testing, a test system containing all system components with the exception of the test material.chronic ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test in which a representative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for a period of ti

12、me which constitutes a major portion of their life span.ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material to produce adverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects in non-humanorganisms or populations.effect load XX (ELXX), na statistically or graphically estimated loading rate of test mate

13、rial that is expected to cause one ormore specified effects in XX % of a representative subpopulation of organisms under specified conditions.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of D02.12 on Environme

14、ntalStandards for Lubricants.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D638499a1. DOI:10.1520/D6384-99AR05.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally approved in 1999. Last previ

15、ous edition approved in 2005 as D638499a(2005). DOI:10.1520/D6384-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the AST

16、M website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consul

17、t prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.DISCUSSIONThis terminology should be

18、used instead of the standard ECXX when the test material is not completely soluble at the test treat rates.environmental compartment, na subdivision of the environment based on physical or chemical properties, or both.DISCUSSIONExamples of environmental compartments are aerobic fresh water, aerobic

19、marine, aerobic soil, and anaerobic media. The results oftest procedures may be applied to environmental compartments, but the test systems do not constitute an environmental compartment.fresh water environment, nthe aerobic, aqueous compartment, characteristically with a salinity of less than five

20、parts perthousand.good laboratory practices (GLP), nguidelines for the management of laboratory experiments which are published byregulatory agencies or other recognized groups, and are concerned with the organizational process and the conditions underwhich laboratory studies are planned, performed,

21、 monitored, recorded, and reported.DISCUSSIONThe major GLPs used are USEPA-TSCA, USFDA, OECD, and to some extent, the MITI version from Japan, for submissions in Japan.inhibition load XX (ILXX), na statistically or graphically estimated loading rate of test material that is expected to cause aXX % i

22、nhibition of a biological process (such as growth or reproduction) of a representative subpopulation of organisms underspecified conditions and is expressed as an analog as opposed to digital measure.DISCUSSIONAn example of a digital measure would be alive/dead. This terminology (ILXX) should be use

23、d instead of the standard ICXX whenthe test material is not completely soluble at the test treat rates.inoculum, nliving spores, bacteria, single celled organisms, or other live materials that are introduced into a test medium.lethal load XX (LLXX), na statistically or graphically estimated loading

24、rate of test material that is expected to be lethal toXX % of a subpopulation of organisms under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThis terminology should be used for lubricants instead of the standard LCXX to designate that the material is not completely solubleat the test treat rates.loading rate, nt

25、he ratio of test material to aqueous medium used in the preparation of WAF, WSF, or mechanical dispersion andin the interpretation of the results of a toxicity study with a poorly water-soluble lubricant or lubricant component.mechanical dispersion, na low energy aqueous medium produced by continuou

26、s stirring of the test solution and containing bothdissolved and undissolved components of the test material.microbial degradation, nsynonym for biodegradation.mixed liquor, n in sewage treatment, the contents of an aeration tank including the activated sludge mixed with primary effluentor the raw w

27、astewater and return sludge.pre-adaptation, nthe incubation of an inoculum in the presence of the test material which is done prior to the initiation of thetest and under conditions similar to the test conditions. D6139primary biodegradation, ndegradation of the test material by microorganisms resul

28、ting in a change in the test materialsphysical or chemical properties, or both.primary biodegradation test, na test that monitors the disappearance of a test material by measuring some physical attributeof the material.DISCUSSIONThe extent to which the results of a primary biodegradation test corres

29、pond to the biological conversion of the test material will dependon the attribute which is being measured. An example of a measurement of a physical attribute is infrared (IR) measurement of the C-H bond of amethylene carbon at 2930 cm-1for the CEC (Coordinating European Council) biodegradation tes

30、t.salt water, nthe aerobic, aqueous compartment, characteristically with a salinity equal to or greater than five parts per thousand.sonication, nthe act of subjecting a material to the shearing forces of high-frequency sound waves.DISCUSSIONSonication of a two-phase liquid system may result in the

31、dispersal of one phase as fine droplets in the other phase.supernatant, nthe liquid above settled solids.terrestrial (or soil) environment, nthe aerobic environmental compartment which is found in and on natural soils.theoretical CO2(carbon dioxide), nthe amount of carbon dioxide which could hypothe

32、tically be produced from the completebiological oxidation of all the carbon in a material.DISCUSSIONThe appropriate abbreviation is ThCO2.theoretical O2(oxygen), nthe amount of oxygen that is theoretically required to oxidize a material.DISCUSSIONThe appropriate abbreviation is ThO2.toxicity, nthe p

33、ropensity of a test material to produce adverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects in a livingorganism.ultimate biodegradation, ndegradation achieved when the test material is totally utilized by microorganisms, resulting in theproduction of carbon dioxide (and possibly methane, in th

34、e case of anerobic biodegradation), water, inorganic compounds, andnew microbial cellular constituents (biomass or secretions, or both).D6384 112ultimate biodegradation test, na test which estimates the extent to which the carbon in a material is converted to carbon dioxideor methane, either directl

35、y by measuring the production of carbon dioxide O2or methane, or indirectly by measuring theconsumption of oxygen.DISCUSSIONThe measurement of new biomass is usually not attempted.water accommodated fraction (WAF), nthe predominantly aqueous portion of a mixture of water and a material poorly solubl

36、ein water which separates in a specified period of time after the mixture has undergone a specified degree of mixing and whichincludes water, dissolved components, and dispersed droplets of the poorly water soluble material.DISCUSSIONThe composition of the WAF depends on the ratio of poorly soluble

37、material to water in the original mixture as well as on the detailsof the mixing procedure.water soluble fraction (WSF), nthe filtrate or centrifugate of the water accommodated fraction which includes all parts of theWAF except the dispersed droplets of the poorly soluble material.wppm, abbr.an abbr

38、eviation for part per million by weight.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional st

39、andardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Co

40、mmittee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D6384 113