1、Designation: D 6392 99 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forDetermining the Integrity of Nonreinforced GeomembraneSeams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6392; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes destructive quality controland quality a
3、ssurance tests used to determine the integrity ofgeomembrane seams produced by thermo-fusion methods.This test method presents the procedures used for determiningthe quality of nonbituminous bonded seams subjected to bothpeel and shear tests. These test procedures are intended fornonreinforced geome
4、mbranes only.1.2 The types of thermal field seaming techniques used toconstruct geomembrane seams include the following.1.2.1 Hot AirThis technique introduces high-temperatureair or gas between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitatemelting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane,forcin
5、g together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.1.2.2 Hot Wedge (or Knife)This technique melts the twogeomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metalwedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top or bottomgeomembrane, or both, to form a continuous bond. Someseams of this kind are
6、made with dual bond tracks separated bya nonbonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to asdual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.1.2.3 ExtrusionThis technique encompasses extrudingmolten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of twooverlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond
7、.1.3 The types of materials covered by this test methodinclude the following.1.3.1 Very Low Density Polyethylene (VLDPE).1.3.2 Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE).1.3.3 Very Flexible Polyethylene (VFPE).1.3.4 Linear Medium Density Polyethylene (LMDPE).1.3.5 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE).1.3.6
8、 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC).1.3.7 Flexible Polypropylene (fPP).NOTE 1The polyethylene identifiers presented in 1.3.1-1.3.5 describethe types of materials typically tested using this test method. These areindustry accepted trade descriptions and are not technical materialclassifications based upon mate
9、rial density.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
10、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thicknessof GeosyntheticsD 5994 Test Method for Measuring Core
11、 Thickness ofTextured Geomembrane2.2 EPA Standards:EPA/600/2-88/052 Lining of Waste Containment and OtherContainment Facilities;Appendix N, Locus of break codesfor various types of FML seams33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 geomembrane, nessentially impermeable
12、geosyn-thetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.3.1.2 quality assurance, nall planned and systematic ac-tions necessary to provide adequate confidence that an item ora facility will perform satisfactorily in service.3.1.3 quality control, nthe operational techniques and theactivities, which s
13、ustain a quality of material, product, system,or service that will satisfy given needs; also the use of suchtechniques and activities.4. Significance and Use4.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrictliquid migration from one location to another in soil and rockhas created a need fo
14、r a standard test method to evaluate the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-branes.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally approvedin 1999. Last previous edi
15、tion approved in 1999 as D 639299.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Superin
16、tendent of Documents, US Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.quality of geomembrane seams produced by thermo-fusionmethods. In the case of geomembranes, it has become eviden
17、tthat geomembrane seams can exhibit separation in the fieldunder certain conditions. Although this is an index type testmethod used for quality assurance and quality control pur-poses, it is also intended to provide the quality assuranceengineer with sufficient seam peel and shear data to evaluatese
18、am quality. Recording and reporting data, such as separationthat occurs during the peel test and elongation during the sheartest, will allow the quality assurance engineer to take measuresnecessary to ensure the repair of inferior seams during facilityconstruction, and therefore, minimize the potent
19、ial for seamseparation in service.5. Apparatus5.1 Tensile instrumentation shall meet the requirementsoutlined in Test Method D 638.5.2 Grip FacesGrip faces shall be 25 mm (1 in.) wide anda minimum of 25 mm (1 in.) in length. Smooth rubber, fineserrated or coarse serrated grip faces have all been fou
20、nd to besuitable for testing geomembrane seams.6. Sample and Specimen Preparation6.1 Seam SamplesCut a portion of the fabricated seamsample from the installed liner in accordance with the projectspecifications. It is recommended that the cutout sample be 0.3m (1 ft) wide and 0.45 m (1.5 ft) in lengt
21、h with the seamcentered in the middle.6.2 Specimen PreparationTen specimens shall be cutfrom the sample submittal. The specimens shall be die cutusing a 25 mm (nominal 1 in.) wide by a minimum of 150 mm(nominal 6 in.) long die. Specimens that will be subjected topeel and shear tests shall be selecte
22、d alternately from thesample and labeled as shown in Fig. 1. Specimens shall be cutsuch that the seam is perpendicular to the longer dimension ofthe strip specimen.6.3 ConditioningSamples should be conditioned for 40 hin a standard laboratory environment that conforms to therequirements for testing
23、geosynthetics as stated in TerminologyD 4439. Long sample conditioning times typically are notpossible for most applications that require seam testing. Priorto testing, samples should be conditioned for a minimum of 1hat236 2C and a relative humidity between 50 and 70 %.7. Destructive Test Methods7.
24、1 Peel TestingSubject five specimens to the 90 “T-Peel” test (see Fig. 2). If the tested sample is a dual hot wedgeseam, five specimens must be examined for each external trackof the seam. Maintaining the specimen in a horizontal positionthroughout the test is not required. Fully grip the test speci
25、menacross the width of the specimen. Grip the peel specimen bysecuring grips 25 mm (1 in.) on each side of the start of theseam bond, a constant machine cross head speed of 50 mm (2in.)/min for HDPE, LMDPE, and PVC, 500 mm (20 in.)/minfor LLDPE, VLDPE, VFPE, and fPP. The test is completewhen the spe
26、cimen ruptures.7.2 Shear TestingSubject five specimens to the shear test(see Fig. 2). Fully support the test specimen within the gripsacross the width of the specimen. Secure the grips 25 mm (1in.) on each side of the start of the seam bond, a constantmachine cross head speed of 50 mm (2 in.)/min fo
27、r LMDPEand HDPE, 500 mm (20 in.)/min for fPP, LLDPE, VFPE,VLDPE, and PVC. The test is complete for HDPE and LMDPEonce the specimen has elongated 50 %. PVC, fPP, LLDPE,VFPE and VLDPE geomembranes should be tested to rupture.NOTE 2Both peel and shear tests for fPP, LLDPE, VLDPE, and PVCgeomembranes ha
28、ve been tested routinely at both 2 and 20 in./min. Whenconducting seam peel or shear testing for quality control, or qualityassurance purposes, or both, it may be necessary to select the manufac-turers recommended testing speed. In the absence of explicit testingspeed requirements, follow those reco
29、mmended in 7.1 and 7.2.8. Calculations and Observations8.1 Estimate of Seam Peel SeparationVisually estimatethe seam separation demonstrated prior to rupture for peelspecimens. The estimate shall be based upon the proportion ofFIG. 1 Seam SampleD 6392 99 (2006)2linear length of separated bond in the
30、 direction of the test, tothe length of original bonding to the nearest 25 %.NOTE 3During the thermo-fusion welding process, some of themelted polymer may be shifted to the outside of the weld during thepressing of the geomembrane panels together. This melted polymer issometimes called “squeeze-out”
31、 or “bleed out” and is not considered partof the bond. Care must be exercised during estimation of the seam peelseparation to segregate the squeeze or bleed out length from the peeledbond length. The reported peel separation shall include the peeled bondlength only.8.2 Rupture Mode SelectionDetermin
32、e the locus of breakfor both the peel and shear specimens as shown in Figs. 3 and4. The locus of break for shear specimens that do not ruptureprior to test end (50 % elongation) shall be interpreted asoccurring in the membrane that exhibits yielding.8.3 Shear Percent ElongationCalculate the percent
33、elon-gation on shear specimens according to Eq 1. Divide theextension at test end by the original gage length of 25 mm andmultiply by 100.Elongation 5 ELL03 100 (1)where:L = extension at test end, andL0= original gauge length.NOTE 4The intent of measuring elongation using this test method isto ident
34、ify relatively large reductions in typical break elongation values ofseam samples. Length is defined as the distance from one grip to the seamedge. Using this definition implies that all strain experienced by thespecimen during the shear test occurs on one side of the seam. Of coursethis assumption
35、is inaccurate, since some strain will occur on each side ofthe seam, and in the seam area itself; however, it is difficult to make anaccurate measurement of the strain distribution which occurs in thespecimen during testing. Further, it is not critical to know the exactlocation of all the strain whi
36、ch occurs during testing but rather to simplyidentify when significant reductions in elongation (when compared withthe typical elongation of a new material) have occurred.9. Report9.1 The report shall include the following information.9.1.1 Report the individual peel and shear specimen maxi-mum unit
37、 tension values in N/mm of width (lb/in.).NOTE 5If requested, report the maximum peel or shear stress. Thiscalculation will require an accurate measurement of thickness for eachspecimen. These measurements should be made in accordance with TestMethod D 5199 for smooth geomembranes and Test Method D
38、5994 fortextured geomembranes.9.1.2 Report the cross head speed used during peel andshear testing.9.1.3 Report the average of the individual peel and shearsample values recorded.9.1.4 If the peel or shear specimen does not rupture, reportthe elongation at the maximum cross-head travel limitation. If
39、the gage length is reduced to less than 25 mm (1 in.), this mustbe noted in the report.9.1.5 Report the mode of specimen rupture for peel andshear specimens according to Fig. 3 or Fig. 4.FIG. 2 Shear and T-Peel SpecimensD 6392 99 (2006)3NOTE 6“Locus-of-Failure” (Figs. 3 and 4) include only some of t
40、hetypically found seam configurations found in the industry. When this testmethod is applied to seams bonded in configurations other than thoseidentified in Fig. 3 or Fig. 4, the users of this test method must agree onapplicable descriptions for modes of specimen rupture.10. Precision and Bias10.1 N
41、o statement can be made at this time concerningprecision or bias.FIG. 3 Locus-of-Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge Seams in Unreinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and PeelModesD 6392 99 (2006)4FIG. 4 Locus-of-Break Codes for Fillet Extrusion Weld Seams in Unreinforced Geomembranes
42、Tested for Seam Strength in Shear andPeel ModesD 6392 99 (2006)5ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suc
43、h patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invite
44、d either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a
45、fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 6392 99 (2006)6
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