1、Designation: D 6393 08Standard Test Method forBulk Solids Characterization by Carr Indices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6393; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures formeasuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to asCarr Indices.21.2 Th
3、is test method is suitable for free flowing and mod-erately cohesive powders and granular materials up to 2.0 mmin size. Materials must be able to pour through a 6.0 to 8.0-mmdiameter funnel outlet when in an aerated state.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other uni
4、ts of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This method consists of eight measurements and twocalculations to provide ten tests for Carr Indices. Each indi-vidual test or a combination of several tests can be used tocharacterize the properties of bulk solids. These ten tests are asfollows:1.4
5、.1 Test AMeasurement of Carr Angle of Repose1.4.2 Test BMeasurement of Carr Angle of Fall1.4.3 Test CCalculation of Carr Angle of Difference1.4.4 Test DMeasurement of Carr Loose Bulk Density1.4.5 Test EMeasurement of Carr Packed Bulk Density1.4.6 Test FCalculation of Carr Compressibility1.4.7 Test G
6、Measurement of Carr Cohesion1.4.8 Test HMeasurement of Carr Uniformity1.4.9 Test IMeasurement of Carr Angle of Spatula1.4.10 Test JMeasurement of Carr Dispersibility1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of th
7、e user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for A
8、genciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Forcommon definitions of terms in this test method, refer toTe
9、rminology D 653.3.1.1 Carr Angle of Difference, nthe difference betweenthe Carr Angle of Repose and Carr Angle of Fall.3.1.2 Carr Angle of Fall, nan angle of repose measuredfrom a powder heap to which a defined impulse shock has beengiven.3.1.3 Carr Angle of Repose, na measurement from thepowder hea
10、p built up by dropping the material through avibrating sieve and funnel above a horizontal plate.3.1.4 Carr Angle of Spatula, na measurement from thepowder heap formed on a spatula that had been buried and thenextracted from a bed of powder.3.1.5 Carr Cohesion, na descriptive measure of interpar-tic
11、le forces based on the rate at which particles pass throughsieves.3.1.6 Carr Compressibility, na calculation made by usingCarr Loose Bulk Density and Carr Packed Bulk Density asdetermined in 6.8.3.1.7 Carr Dispersibility, na measurement by which apowder sample is dropped through a hollow cylinder ab
12、ove awatch glass and then the amount of powder collected by thewatch glass is measured.3.1.8 Carr Dynamic Bulk Density, na calculated bulkdensity of a material. It is used to compute vibration time forthe Carr Cohesion measurement.3.1.9 Carr Loose Bulk Density, na measurement obtainedby sieving the
13、sample through a vibrating chute to fill ameasuring cup.3.1.10 Carr Packed Bulk Density, na measurement ob-tained by dropping a measuring cup, which is filled with thesample, a specific number of times from the same height.Sometimes known as a Tapped Bulk Density.1This test method is under the juris
14、diction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterizationand Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 6393
15、99 (2006).2Carr, R.L., “Evaluating Flow Properties of Solids,” Chemical Engineering,January 18, 1965, pp. 163168.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
16、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.11 Carr Uniformity, na measurement calculated fromthe particle
17、size distribution of the powder as measured bysieving.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides measurements that can beused to describe the bulk properties of a powder or granularmaterial.4.2 The measurements can be combined with practicalexperience to provide relative rankings of variou
18、s forms ofbulk handling behavior of powders and granular materials fora specific application.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria
19、 of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740provides a means
20、 of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D 3740 wasdeveloped for agencies engaged in the testing or inspection (or both) ofsoil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performingthis standard. However, users of this standard should recognize that theframework of Practice D 3
21、740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality ofan agency performing this standard. Currently there is no known quali-fying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this standard.5. Apparatus5.1 The main instrument includes a timer/counter (A), avibrating mechanism (B), an amplitude ga
22、uge (C), a rheostat(D), and a tapping device (E) (see Fig. 1).45.1.1 Timer/Counter The timer is used to control theduration of vibration and the number of taps.Aminimum 180-stimer for 60 Hz power supply is required. Alternatively, acounter can be used to control the number of taps.5.1.2 Vibrating Me
23、chanism, to deliver vibration at 50 to 60Hz to the vibration plate at an amplitude of 0.0 to 3.0 mm.5.1.3 Amplitude Gauge, mounted on the vibration plate tomeasure the amplitude of the vibration from 0.0 to 4.0 mm.5.1.4 RheostatA dial used to adjust the vibration ampli-tude of vibration plate from 0
24、.0 to 3.0 mm.5.1.5 Tapping Device, consists of tap holder and tapping liftbar (tapping pin), which lifts and free-fall drops a measuringcup a stroke of 18.0 6 0.1 mm at a rate of 1.0 6 0.2 taps/s.5.2 The spatula assembly consists of a spatula blade (A), apan base/elevator stand (B), and a spatula sh
25、ocker (C) (seeFig. 2).5.2.1 Spatula Blade A chrome-plated brass plate mountedon the blade receiver to retain powder while the elevator standlowers the powder-filled pan. The dimensions of the spatulablade are 80 to 130 mm length, 21.0 to 23.0-mm width and 3.0to 6.0-mm thick.5.2.2 Spatula Shocker A s
26、liding bushing with a mass of109.0 to 111.0 g and a drop height of 140.0 to 160.0 mm,measured from the lower edge of the bushing to the shockerbase for the measurement of Carr Angle of Spatula. The totalmass of the shocker assembly including the sliding bushing,pole, spatula blade, and blade receive
27、r is 0.3 to 1.0 kg.5.3 A dispersibility measuring unit consists of a container(A) with shutter cover (B), a cylindrical glass tube (C), and awatch glass (D), (see Fig. 3).5.3.1 ContainerA hopper unit with a shutter cover at thebottom to support a powder sample. The shutter cover openshorizontally to
28、 release the powder sample which then fallsthrough the glass tube onto the watch glass.5.3.2 Cylindrical Glass Tube, located vertically 160 to 180mm under the shutter cover to confine the scattering/dispersedpowder. The dimension of the tube is 90 to 110-mm diameterand 320 to 360-mm length.5.3.3 Wat
29、ch Glass, centered 100 to 105 mm under thecylindrical glass tube to collect undispersed powder. Thedimension of watch glass is 90 to 110-mm diameter and about2.0-mm thickness with the radius of curvature of about 96.3mm, concave upwards.4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the commit
30、tee at this timeis Hosokawa Micron International Inc., 10 Chatham Road, Summit, NJ. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1whic
31、h you may attend.FIG. 1 Powder Characteristics Tester for Carr Indices FIG. 2 Carr Spatula AssemblyD63930825.4 Accessories:5.4.1 Spatula Pan A stainless steel pan with at least a100.0-mm width, a 125.0-mm length, a 25.0 mm height, and a1.0-mm thickness, used to retain powder for the preparation ofth
32、e measurement of Carr Angle of Spatula.5.4.2 ScoopA stainless steel container used to transportpowder.5.4.3 ScraperA chrome plated brass or stainless steelplate used to scrape off excess powder in the cup.5.4.4 CupA 100-cm3stainless steel cylindrical containerwith the inside dimensions of 49.9 to 50
33、.1-mm diameter and49.9 to 50.1 mm height used for Carr Bulk Density measure-ment. The wall thickness of the cup is 1.3 to 2.3 mm. Theinterior walls of the cup are sufficiently smooth that machiningmarks are not evident.5.4.5 Cup Extension A white Delrin (trademarked) exten-sion sleeve for the 100 cm
34、3measuring cup, 53.0 to 55.0 mm indiameter by 47.0 to 49.0 mm in height.5.4.6 Funnel for Carr Angle of Repose A glass funnelwith about a 55 angle bowl as measured from the horizontal,6.0 to 8.0 mm bottom outlet diameter and outlet stem length32.0 to 36.0 mm for the measurement of CarrAngle of Repose
35、.5.4.7 Stationary Chute A stainless steel conical chutewith the dimensions of 73.0 to 77.0 mm top diameter, 53.0 to57.0 mm height, and 48.0 to 52.0 mm bottom diameter to guidethe powder flow into the measuring cup (see 5.4.4).5.4.8 Vibration Chute A stainless steel conical chute withthe dimensions o
36、f 73.0 to 77.0 mm top diameter, 53.0 to 57.0mm height, and 48.0 to 52.0 mm bottom diameter installed onthe vibration plate to guide the powder flow to the stationarychute or cup extension.5.4.9 Sieves, certified 76.0-mm diameter stainless steelsieves with openings of 710 m, 355 m, 250 m, 150 m, 75m,
37、 and 45 m.5.4.10 Sieve Extension A stainless steel extension pieceused as a spacer in the vibration unit when only one sieve isused.5.4.11 Spacer Ring A white Delrin (trademarked) spacerinserted between sieve and vibration chute or glass funnel toprotect them from damage.5.4.12 Sieve Holding BarA ch
38、rome-plated brass holdingbar used to hold sieve assembly on the vibration plate.5.4.13 Pan, with base for tapping device, measuring cup,and shocker. A stainless steel pan, at least 200-mm length,140-mm width, 30-mm height, and 1.0-mm thickness, designedto accept tapping device, measuring cup and pla
39、tform, as wellas provide a stand base for shocker.NOTE 2The pan has molded-in feet so it is slightly raised from thetable top. This helps make vibration more consistent.5.4.14 PlatformA chrome-plated brass circular platformwith a diameter of 79.0 to 81.0 mm and a height of 58.0 to 62.0mm to be used
40、for the measurement of Carr Angle of Repose.5.4.15 ShockerA sliding bushing with a mass of 109.0 to111.0 g at a drop height of 140.0 to 160.0 mm, measured fromthe lower edge of the bushing to the shocker base for themeasurement of Carr Angle of Fall. The total mass of theshocker, platform, and pan f
41、or the measurement of angle of fallis 1.1 to 1.6 kg.5.4.16 Brush, a laboratory brush for dust removal.5.4.17 Cover, for measuring Carr Dispersibility. A remov-able enclosure to confine the dust of sample powder when itfalls onto the watch glass for the measurement of CarrDispersibility.5.5 Balance,
42、capable of measuring sample mass to anaccuracy of 6 0.01 g with a max of 2.0 kg.5.6 Scale (ruler), with mm increments, at least 150 mmlong.5.7 Data Acquisition Equipment A microprocessor orcomputer may be used to guide the measuring operation,collect data, calculate data, and print test results. Als
43、o, aproperly calibrated photo image of the powder cone can beused for relevant measurement.6. Procedure6.1 A representative powder sample from process streamshould be riffled carefully into portions for each individualmeasurement.6.2 All the measurements should be performed on a strong,horizontally-
44、leveled bench or work table. If possible, use aconcrete or stone-topped table.Test AMeasurement of Carr Angle of Repose6.3 Placement of Parts:6.3.1 Place the parts onto the vibration plate in the followingorder starting at the bottom:6.3.1.1 Glass funnel;6.3.1.2 Spacer ring;6.3.1.3 Sieve with openin
45、g of 710 m;6.3.1.4 Sieve extension; and,6.3.1.5 Sieve holding bar.6.3.2 Fasten the vibration assembly with knob nuts locatedon both sides of sieve holding bar.6.3.3 Center the platform under the glass funnel.6.3.4 Position the stem end of the glass funnel 75.0 to 77.0mm above the platform.6.3.5 Set
46、desired vibration time on timer (usually 180 s on60 Hz vibrating frequency is selected).FIG. 3 Carr Dispersibility Measuring UnitD63930836.3.6 Pour 200 to 300 cm3of powder over the sieve usingthe scoop.6.3.7 Set vibration adjustment dial (Rheostat) to 0.6.3.8 Turn on the vibrating mechanism and time
47、r.6.3.9 Gradually increase the amplitude of the vibration, nomore than 0.2 mm at a time, by incrementally turning thevibration adjustment dial until powder starts to flow out of theend of the glass funnel and builds up on the circular platformin a conical shape.6.3.10 Turn off the vibration mechanis
48、m when the powderstarts to fall from the edge of the platform and the powder pileis completely formed.6.3.11 If a conical shape is not completely formed, removethe powder pile and repeat steps 6.3.6-6.3.10.6.3.12 After the cone has been built up, calculate an averageangle of the cone (from horizonta
49、l) in relation to the edge of theplatform by the equation below. This average angle is calledthe Carr Angle of Repose.Carr Angle of Repose 5 tan1H/R (1)where:H = Height of the powder pile, mm, andR = Radius of the circular platform, mm.6.3.13 Indicate the shape of the cone either Concave Up(A), Concave Down (B), or Straight (C) (see Fig. 4)inthereport.6.3.14 If the cone is irregular in shape, repeat the test threetimes and obtain an average.6.3.15 If the powder has free-flowing characteristics or hascoarse particles larger than
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