1、Designation: D6448 141Standard Specification forIndustrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes to SI units formatting were made throughout in December 2014.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel
3、oil made inwhole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessedlubricating oil or functional fluids, such as preservative andhydraulic fluids. The four grades of fuel are intended for use invarious types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment undervarious climatic and operating conditions.
4、These fuels are notintended for use in residential heaters, small commercialboilers, combustion engines, or marine applications,1.1.1 Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are usedlubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fueloil, or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended
5、for use inindustrial burners equipped to handle these types of recycledfuels.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchaseof fuel oils derived from used lubricat
6、ing oil and for theguidance of consumers of such fuels. This specification doesnot address the frequency with which any particular test mustbe run.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive.In some jurisdictions, used oi
7、l is considered a hazardous wasteand fuels from used oil are required to meet certain criteriabefore use as a fuel.NOTE 2For United States federal requirements imposed on used oilgenerators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers,and burners, see 40 CFR 279.NOTE 3The generatio
8、n and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.2. Referenced Documents
9、2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD96 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil byCentrifuge Metho
10、d (Field Procedure) (Withdrawn 2000)3D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-drocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD396 Specification fo
11、r Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oilsby the Extraction MethodD482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Dens
12、ity (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer
13、 MethodD1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-eterD1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin BicapillaryPycnometer1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
14、mmittee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.P0 on Recycled Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6448 09. DOI:10.1520/D6448-
15、14E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard
16、is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)D1796 Test Metho
17、d for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD2983 Test Method for Low-Temp
18、erature Viscosity of Lu-bricants Measured by Brookfield ViscometerD3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel Oils(Withdrawn 2010)3D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density
19、MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Disper
20、sive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiomet-ric Karl Fischer TitrationD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4868 Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat ofCombustion of Burner and Diesel
21、FuelsD4980 Test Methods for Screening of pH in Waste (With-drawn 2009)3D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AES)D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petr
22、oleum and Petroleum ProductsD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD6450 Test Method for Flash Point by Continuously ClosedCup (CCCFP) TesterD6822 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGra
23、vity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Thermohydrometer MethodD7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density ofLiquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation ofKinematic Viscosity)D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester2.2
24、U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Standards:4EPA 600/4-79-020 Determination of Inorganic Anions byIon ChromatographyEPA SW-846 Method 9000 Determination of Water in WasteMaterials by Karl Fisher TitrationEPA SW-846 Method 9001 Determination of Water in WasteLubricants by Quantitative Calcium Hydr
25、ide ReactionEPA SW-846 Method 9056 Determination of Inorganic An-ions by Ion Chromatography2.3 Federal Code of Regulations Standards:540 CFR 279 Standards for the Management of Used Oil3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 burner fuel oil, nany petroleum liquid suitable forthe generation of heat by co
26、mbustion in a furnace or firebox asa vapor or a spray, or a combination of both.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized pri-marily by viscosity ranges.3.1.2 reclaiming, nthe use of cleaning methods duringrecycling primarily to remove insoluble contaminants, thusmaking the oil suitable f
27、or further use. The methods mayinclude settling, heating, dehydration, filtration, and centrifug-ing.3.1.3 recycling, nin petroleum technology, the acquisitionof oil that has become unsuitable for its intended use, andprocessing it to regain useful materials.3.1.4 re-refining, nthe use of refining p
28、rocesses duringrecycling to produce high quality base stocks for lubricants orother petroleum products. Re-refining may include one or moreof the following: distillation, hydrotreating, or treatmentsemploying acid, caustic, solvent, clay, or other chemicals, orcombination thereof.3.1.5 used oil, nin
29、 petroleum product recycling, oil whosecharacteristics have changed since being originallymanufactured, and that is suitable for recycling.3.1.6 waste oil, nin petroleum technology, oil havingcharacteristics making it unsuitable either for further use or foreconomic recycling.3.2 For definitions of
30、other terms used in this specification,refer to Terminology D4175.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 industrial burner, na device that produces heat forindustrial use through the combustion of liquid hydrocarbonfuels.3.3.1.1 DiscussionIndustrial burners are typically de-signed
31、for one of two applications:(a) industrial furnacesintegral components of manufac-turing processes that provide direct heating, for example, inaggregate, cement, lime, or phosphate kilns; coke ovens; orblast, smelting, melting, refining, or drying ovens.(b) industrial boilerslarge indirect heating u
32、nits thattransfer thermal energy to water or other fluids or gases for usein heating in industrial settings and in manufacturing processes4Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA),Ariel Rios Bldg., Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington D.C. 20460. (www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwa
33、ste/test/main.htm.5National Archives and Records Administration, Code of Federal Regulations(CFR), Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.D6448 14123.3.2 reprocessing, n
34、in petroleum product recycling, thepreparation of used oil to be suitable as a fuel.3.3.2.1 DiscussionReprocessing includes procedures suchas settling, filtration, blending, distillation, and chemical treat-ment.4. Classification4.1 There are four grades of industrial burner fuel contain-ing recycle
35、d lubricating oils covered by this specification.These grades may or may not correlate directly with similargrades in other ASTM standards. The RFO designation iden-tifies them as Reprocessed Fuel Oils. The usage descriptions ofeach grade may not describe all the uses, but are included asgeneral inf
36、ormation. The four grades are described as follows:4.1.1 Grade RFO4Primarily a blend of used lubricatingoils and distillate or a reprocessed distillate product derivedfrom used oil. It is intended for use in pressure atomizingindustrial burners with no preheating. This grade of recycledoil fuel is u
37、sed in many medium capacity industrial burnerswhere ease of handling justifies the higher cost over the heavierused oil fuels.4.1.2 Grade RFO5LA straight (100 %) used lubricatingoil blend or a used lubricating oil and distillate blend fuel ofintermediate viscosity, heavier than Grade RFO4. It is int
38、endedfor use both in pressure-atomizing industrial burners notrequiring higher cost distillates and in burners equipped toatomize oils of higher viscosity with or without pre-heating. Itspermissible viscosity range allows it to be pumped andatomized at relatively low-storage temperatures.4.1.3 Grade
39、 RFO5HA straight (100 %) used lubricatingoil blend or a used lubricating oil and residual blend fuel,heavier than Grade RFO5L. It is intended for use in industrialburners equipped with devices that atomize oil of higherviscosity than domestic burners can handle. Preheating may benecessary in some ty
40、pes of equipment for burning and in colderclimates for handling.4.1.4 Grade RFO6A high-viscosity used lubricating oiland residual blend fuel, heavier than Grade RFO5H. It isintended for use in large industrial heaters and may requirepreheating in the storage tank to permit pumping. Additionalpreheat
41、ing at the burner may be necessary to permit satisfac-tory atomization. The extra equipment and maintenance re-quired to handle this fuel usually preclude its use in smallinstallations.5. General Requirements5.1 The fuel oils specified herein shall contain a minimumvolume of 25 % of used lubricating
42、 oil-derived products, thebalance being a Specification D396 fuel oil or suitable refinerystocks.5.2 The fuel oils shall be homogeneous fluids consistingprimarily of hydrocarbons. Fuel oils containing residual com-ponents shall remain uniform in storage and shall not separateby gravity or aging into
43、 layers in normal operating conditions.NOTE 4Prolonged storage or equipment down time may necessitatecirculation of the fuel oil in-tank to prevent such separation.5.3 The fuel oil shall not contain excessive amounts oforganic or inorganic acids, or both, and shall be free of solid orfibrous matter
44、that could cause system handling or maintenanceproblems. The buyer and seller should agree on any require-ments for particle size.NOTE 5The fuels defined by this specification are appropriate only forburners capable of handling and combusting fuels with potentially highermetals and ash content.6. De
45、tailed Requirements6.1 Grade RFO4The requirements for this type of fuel arepresented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity rangebelow 5 mm2/s (cSt) at 100 C in accordance with Test MethodD445.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating OilsProperties Metho
46、dAProposed LimitsBRFO4 RFO5L RFO5H RFO6Physical:Viscosity 100 C mm2/sCD445minimum . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0maximum . . . 5.0 8.9 14.9 50.0Flash point, C (F), min D93 38 (100) 55 (130) 55 (130) 60 (140)Water 2.0 % for RFO 6; Filtration may be required to obtain appropriate particle size for use.EDensi
47、ty in kg/L at 15 C multiplied by 1000 = kg/m3.FLocal jurisdictions may limit the sulphur content in burner fuels.GAssumes 7.5 lb/U.S. gal.D6448 14136.2 Grade RFO5LThe requirements for this type of fuelare presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range5.0 mm2/s to 8.9 mm2/s (cSt) at 10
48、0 C in accordance with TestMethod D445.6.3 Grade RFO5HThe requirements for this type of fuelare presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range9.0 mm2/s to 14.9 mm2/s (cSt) at 100 C in accordance withTest Method D445.6.4 Grade RFO6The requirements for this type of fuel arepresented in
49、Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range15.0 mm2/s to 50.0 mm2/s (cSt) at 100 C in accordance withTest Method D445.NOTE 6In the United States, fuel must also meet EnvironmentalProtection Agency on-specification parameters for recycled used oil fuelsas defined under 40 CFR 279.11.6.5 The properties listed in this specification are those ofgreatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance ofthe burner. Only referee test methods are shown in Table 1.(See Section 7 for alternative test methods and Appendix X1for significance of
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