1、Designation: D6459 11Standard Test Method forDetermination of Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP)Performance in Protecting Hillslopes from Rainfall-InducedErosion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the guidelines, requirementsand procedur
3、es for evaluating the ability of Rolled ErosionControl Products (RECPs) to protect hillslopes from rainfall-induced erosion. Critical elements of this protection are theability of the RECP to:1.1.1 Absorb the impact force of raindrops, thereby reduc-ing soil particle loosening through “splash” mecha
4、nisms;1.1.2 Slow runoff and encourage infiltration, thereby reduc-ing soil particle displacement and transport through “overlandflow” mechanisms;1.1.3 Absorb shear forces of overland flow; and,1.1.4 Trap soil particles beneath.1.2 This test method utilizes full-scale testing procedures,rather than r
5、educed-scale (bench-scale) simulation, and ispatterned after conditions typically found on construction sitesat the conclusion of earthwork operations, but prior to the startof revegetation work. Therefore this considers only unveg-etated conditions.1.3 This test method provides a comparative evalua
6、tion ofan RECP-to baseline bare soil conditions under controlled anddocumented conditions.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units, which are provided forinformation only and are not considered st
7、andard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as thein
8、dustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practic
9、e toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if a
10、ny, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user mustcomply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-cupational Heal
11、th and SafetyAdministration) guidelines, whileusing the test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D3740 Pr
12、actice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6475 Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit Area ofErosion Control BlanketsD6525 Test Method
13、 for Measuring Nominal Thickness ofPermanent Rolled Erosion Control ProductsD6566 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area ofTurf Reinforcement MatsD6567 Test Method for Measuring the Light Penetration ofa Turf Reinforcement Mat (TRM)D6818 Test Method for Ultimate Tensile Properties of Turf1This
14、 test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock; Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion and Sediment Control Technology; and isthe direct responsibility of Section .02 on Erosion Control Blankets (ECBs).Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapp
15、roved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D645907. DOI:10.1520/D6459-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
16、y page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Reinforcement Mats3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto
17、 Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 erosion control blanket (ECB) in erosion control, nadegradable material, composed primarily of processed naturalorganic materials, manufactured or fabricated into rolls de-signed to reduce soil erosion and assist in the growt
18、h, estab-lishment and protection of vegetation.3.2.2 rolled erosion control product (RECP) in erosioncontrol, na temporary degradable or long-term non-degradable material manufactured or fabricated into rollsdesigned to reduce soil erosion and assist in the growth,establishment, and protection of ve
19、getation.3.2.3 turf reinforcement mat (TRM), in erosion control, nanon-degradable geosynthetic or geocomposite processed into amatrix sufficient to increase the stability threshold of otherwiseunreinforced established vegetation.3.2.3.1 DiscussionProducts in this category may incorpo-rate ancillary
20、degradable components to enhance the germina-tion and establishment of vegetation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The performance of a rolled erosion control product inreducing rainfall-induced erosion is determined by subjectingthe material to simulated rainfall in a controlled and docu-mented environ
21、ment.4.2 Key elements of the testing process include:4.2.1 Calibration of the rainfall simulation equipment;4.2.2 Preparation of the test plot;4.2.3 Documentation of the RECP to be tested;4.2.4 Installation of the RECP;4.2.5 Performance of the test;4.2.6 Collection of runoff and associated sediment
22、yielddata;4.2.7 Analysis of the resultant data, and;4.2.8 Reporting.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method evaluates RECPs and their means ofinstallation to:5.1.1 Reduce soil loss and sediment concentrations instormwater runoff under conditions of varying rainfall intensityand soil type, and;5.
23、1.2 Improve water quality exiting the area disturbed byearthwork activity by reducing suspended solids.5.2 This test method models and examines conditions typi-cally found on construction sites involving earthwork activitiesincluding: highway and roads; airports; residential, commercialand industria
24、l developments; pipelines, mines, and landfills;golf courses; etc.5.3 This test method is a performance test, but can be usedfor quality control to determine product conformance to projectspecifications. Caution is advised since information regardinglaboratory specific precision is incomplete. For p
25、roject specificconformance, unique project-specific conditions should betaken into consideration.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecrit
26、eria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspections/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means
27、of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Rainfall SimulatorsRainfall simulators shall includesprinkler heads, sprinkler risers, valves and pressure gauges.The sprinkler heads should be selected on their ability to modelnatural raindrop size and distribution (no more than 10 %greater than
28、6 mm (0.24 in.) and no more than 10 % smallerthan 1 mm (0.04 in.). To approximate the kinetic energy ofnatural rainfall, the sprinkler riser shall be constructed toposition the sprinkler heads to achieve a minimum fall height(peak vertical trajectory) of 4.3 m (14 ft). A flow control valveand a pres
29、sure gauge capable of maintaining a uniformoperating pressure shall be located on each riser. Fig. 1 showsan example of a rainfall simulator.6.2 Water SourceAny water source shall be suitable forthis use provided that it does not contain deleterious materialswhich could impair the operation of the r
30、ainfall simulators.6.3 Runoff and Sediment Collection SystemThe runoff andsediment collection system includes flashing, collection appa-ratus and a holding tank. Flashing shall be fabricated to directrunoff from the plot into the collection apparatus. Once therunoff is on the flashing, it may be des
31、irable to divert the flowto a single collection point. The flashing shall be continuousacross the entire bottom edge of the plot. A holding tank(s)capable of temporarily containing all runoff shall be connectedto the collection apparatus.6.4 Vegetative Stand Quantification EquipmentA cali-brated tem
32、plate used to ensure height of vegetation andcounting box are necessary for vegetated testing. Vegetation iscut to a specific, uniform stand height by placing a template onthe soil surface and trimming blades/stems at the top of thetemplate. An open, square box is used to count vegetationstems and b
33、lades to determine stand density. The box may beconstructed of metal or wood with an internal opening measure76.2 mm (3 in.) square and 25.4 to 50.8 mm (1 to 2 in.) inheight.6.5 MiscellaneousOther miscellaneous equipment in-cludes: rain gauges (20), pie pans (3), sieve set (standard USsieves), evapo
34、rating dishes, a drying oven or microwave oven,balances, meteorological equipment (wind speed, temperature,precipitation), a surveyors rod, sample bottles and bags, coolerand camera or video recorder.7. Procedure7.1 Test Plot Preparation:7.1.1 Construct an earthen embankment using conventionalearthw
35、ork placement techniques. Perform compaction of theembankment to create a geotechnically (structurally) stableembankment with a surface slope of 3H:1V having a slopelength of 12 m (40 ft). Fig. 2 shows a typical embankmentcross-section.D6459 112NOTE 2The effect of variations in test plot width, leng
36、th, gradient,and drainage conditions are currently being evaluated.7.1.2 Plate the top surface of the embarkment with aminimum 30 cm (12 in.) thick veneer of soil. General soil typesto be used for testing shall be loam, clay, and sand. Target grainsizes and plasticity indices are included in Fig. 3.
37、 Place theveneer in 15 cm (6 in.) lifts and compact to 90 6 3% ofstandard Proctor density in accordance with Test MethodD698.7.1.3 Locate test plots on the embankment using a plot sizeof 2.4 m (8 ft) in width (cross-slope) and of 12 m (40 ft) inlength (downslope). Separate the test plots such that o
38、versprayfrom the rainfall simulators does not impact adjacent plots.NOTE 3The slope width, length and steepness were selected as beingrepresentative of conditions typically found on construction sites. This testplot configuration was chosen to assure uniformity and consistence oftesting activities.7
39、.1.4 Isolate the top edge and sides of each test plot by awater barrier which forms the boundary of the test plot. Burythe bottom edge of the barrier approximately 10 cm (4 in.) todivert surface flow such that no intrusion of outside surfacewater onto the test plot (“run-on”) occurs. The barrier sha
40、ll becontinuous such that joints do not allow outside flow to enterthe plot. Commercially available lawn edging is suitable forthis purpose.7.1.5 Loosen the soil veneer to a depth of approximately 10cm (4 in.) using a tiller or other appropriate tools. Rake thetilled plot smooth with a steel hand ra
41、ke and lightly compactusing a turf roller. Repair depressions, voids, soft, or uncom-pacted areas before testing commences.Also, free the plot fromobstruction or protrusions, such as roots, large stones, or otherforeign material. Soil preparation methods for bare soil testingutilized as a baseline,
42、control plots for product or vegetatedtesting shall be identical to soil preparation methods for theprotected scenario.NOTE 4Standarized, quantified soil compaction rate is being evalu-ated.7.1.6 If the plots have been used for previous test series,discard the soil carried of the plot and obliterate
43、 any rills andgullies. Spread new soil of the same type across the plot andblend (rake or till) into the surface. If the soil loss of the controlFIG. 1 Typical Rainfall SimulatorFIG. 2 Typical Embankment Cross SectionD6459 113plot differs significantly from the base line calibration testreevaluate t
44、he soil properties.7.2 Calibration:7.2.1 Calibration of the rainfall simulation equipment in-cludes:7.2.1.1 Rainfall intensity;7.2.1.2 Uniformity of rainfall application across the plot,and;7.2.1.3 Drop size distribution for each intensity.7.2.2 To ensure uniform distribution, do not conduct cali-br
45、ation and testing when the wind velocity is greater than 8km/h (5 mph).NOTE 5Variations in wind speed and direction may affect test resultsand should be examined on a case-specific basis.7.2.3 At a minimum, conduct calibration annually or fol-lowing equipment maintenance work. Conduct one intensity/
46、uniformity check every 90 days, or after no more than four testseries, whichever comes first.7.2.4 Place sprinkler risers around the perimeter of the testplot to provide uniform distribution. The precise location of therisers to provide uniform rainfall distribution will be deter-mined by the calibr
47、ation process and the nuances of any givensimulator system (see Fig. 4 for typical sprinkler riser configu-ration).7.2.5 Place the rain gauges on the plot surface following thepattern shown in Fig. 4. Duration of the calibration test shall be15 min, recorded to the nearest second. Perform calibratio
48、ns atuniform pressure for each intensity. Adjust riser locations untilan acceptable uniform rainfall distribution pattern is achieved,as defined in Section 8.7.2.6 Calculate the rainfall intensity uniformity using theChristiansen uniformity coefficient (see Section 8).FIG. 3 Typical Grain Sizes and
49、Plasticity IndicesFIG. 4 Typical Sprinkler Riser ConfigurationD6459 1147.2.7 To measure drop size distribution, completely fill threelabeled pie pans with sifted flour, struck off with a ruler toproduce a smooth, uncompacted surface. Locate three supportsapproximately 20-cm (8-in.) high (for example, 1-gal cans)along the vertical centerline of the test plot, and at thehorizontal quarter points. Place the filled pie pans on thesupports (horizontal, not parallel to the ground) and cover. Atthe desired test intensity, remove the cover briefly so that dropsimpinge o
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