1、Designation: D6469 14D6469 17Standard Guide forMicrobial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms,occurrence, and co
3、nsequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control ofmicrobial contamination in fuels and fuel systems. This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine,diesel, marine, furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifica
4、tions D396, D910, D975, D1655, D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814,D6227, and D6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil and all liquidpetroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 472 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it als
5、o providesa compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five onPetroleum Products and Lubricants.1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a genera
6、lunderstanding of microbial fuel contamination.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibi
7、lityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Deci
8、sion on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper St
9、rip TestD396 Specification for Fuel OilsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D515 Test Method for Phosphorus In Water (Withdrawn 1997)4D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationD888 Te
10、st Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in WaterD910 Specification for Leaded Aviation GasolinesD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD1293 Test
11、Methods for pH of WaterD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer Method1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility
12、 of SubcommitteeD02.14 on Stability and Cleanlinesson Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014June 1, 2017. Published October 2014July 2017. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 asD6469 12.D6469 14. DOI: 10.1520
13、/D6469-14.10.1520/D6469-17.2 MNL 47, Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed., ASTM International, 200320033 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
14、nual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an
15、indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to
16、be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Paints, Solven
17、ts, Solutions of Surface-Active Agents,and Related MaterialsD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent (Withdrawn 2016)4D1976 Test Method for Elements
18、in Water by Inductively-Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission SpectroscopyD2068 Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking TendencyD2069 Specification for Marine Fuels (Withdrawn 2003)4D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)D2276 Test Method for Particul
19、ate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line SamplingD2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsD3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation Turbine FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine FuelsD3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine FuelD3325 Practi
20、ce for Preservation of Waterborne Oil SamplesD3326 Practice for Preparation of Samples for Identification of Waterborne OilsD3328 Test Methods for Comparison of Waterborne Petroleum Oils by Gas ChromatographyD3414 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petroleum Oils by Infrared SpectroscopyD3699
21、Specification for KerosineD3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in WaterD3870 Practice for Establishing Performance Characteristics for Colony Counting Methods in Microbiology (Withdrawn 2000)4D4012 Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in WaterD4057 Practice for Ma
22、nual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4412 Test Methods for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Water and Water-Formed DepositsD4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fu
23、els for Gas TurbinesD4454 Test Method for Simultaneous Enumeration of Total and Respiring Bacteria in Aquatic Systems by Microscopy(Withdrawn 2015)4D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD4860 Test Method for Free Water and Part
24、iculate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright NumericalRating)D4870 Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in Residual FuelsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5304 Test Method for Assessing Middle Dis
25、tillate Fuel Storage Stability by Oxygen OverpressureD5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD6217 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory FiltrationD6227 Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Contain
26、ing a Non-hydrocarbon ComponentD6426 Test Method for Determining Filterability of Middle Distillate Fuel OilsD6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle Distillate FuelsD6974 Practice for Enumeration of Viable Bacteria and Fungi in Liquid FuelsFiltration and Culture Procedur
27、esD7463 Test Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Content of Microorganisms in Fuel, Fuel/Water Mixtures, and FuelAssociated WaterD7464 Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, Associated Materials and Fuel System Components for MicrobiologicalTestingD7687 Test Method for Measurement of Cell
28、ular Adenosine Triphosphate in Fuel and Fuel-associated Water With SampleConcentration by FiltrationD7978 Test Method for Determination of theViableAerobic Microbial Content of Fuels andAssociatedWaterThixotropic GelCulture MethodD8070 Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous S
29、pecimens for Microbial Contamination by LateralFlow ImmunoassayE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE1259 Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390CE1326 Guide for Evaluating Non-culture Microbiological TestsD6469 1722.2 Energy I
30、nstitute Standards:5IP 385 Determination of the viable aerobic microbial content of fuels and fuel components boiling below 390C - Filtration390 CFiltration and culture methodIP 472 Determination of fungal fragment content of fuels boiling below 390C390 C2.3 Government Standards:640 CFR 152 Pesticid
31、e Registration and Classification Procedures2.4 Other Standards:Test Method 2540D Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103105C103105 C798/8/EC Biocidal Products Directive8TPC Publication No. 3 The role of bacteria in the corrosion of oil field equipment93. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aerobe, nan org
32、anism that requires oxygen to remain metabolically active.3.1.1.1 DiscussionAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptor in their primary energy-generating metabolic pathways. Aerobes requireoxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes to generate energy for growth and survival.3
33、.1.2 aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from the sum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of water samplewhere both alkalinity and hardness are reported as milligram CaCO3L.3.1.2.1 DiscussionAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. At A.I. 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10
34、A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from single carbonmolecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to complex polymers, including plastics. Oxygen requirements range from obligateanaerobes, which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die if oxygen pressure falls below a species specif
35、icthreshold.3.1.7 bioburden, nthe level of microbial contamination (biomass) in a system.3.1.7.1 Discussion5 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIGW1G 7AR, U.KU.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.6 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732
36、 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.7 Available from American Public Health Association, 800 I Street, NW Washington, DC 20001.8 Official Journal of the European Communities, 24.4.98, L123/163(1998).9 Available from NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston, TX 7
37、7084-4906, http:/www.nace.org.D6469 173Typically, bioburden is defined in terms of either biomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface area materialtested (g biomass/mL; g biomass/g; cells/mL sample, and so forth). The specific parameter used to define bioburden depends oncritical
38、properties of the system evaluated and the investigators preferences.3.1.8 biocide, na poisonous substance that can kill living organisms.3.1.8.1 DiscussionBiocides are further classified as bactericides (kill bacteria), fungicides (kill fungi), and microbiocides (kill both bacterial andfungi). They
39、 are also referred to as antimicrobials.3.1.9 biodeterioration, nthe loss of commercial value or performance characteristics, or both, of a product (fuel) or material(fuel system) through biological processes.3.1.10 biofilm, na film or layer of microorganisms, biopolymers, water, and entrained organ
40、ic and inorganic debris that formsas a result of microbial growth and proliferation at phase interfaces (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and soforth) (synonym:skinnogen layer).3.1.11 biomass, nbiological material including any material other than fossil fuels which is or was a living organi
41、sm orcomponent or product of a living organism.3.1.11.1 DiscussionIn biology and environmental science, biomass is typically expressed as density of biological material per unit sample volume,area, or mass (g biomass/g (or /mL or /cm2) sample); when used for products derived from organisms biomass i
42、s typicallyexpressed in terms of mass (kg, MT, etc.) or volume (L, m3, bbl, etc.).3.1.11.2 DiscussionProducts of living organisms include those materials produced directly by living organisms as metabolites (for example, ethanol,various carbohydrates and fatty acids), materials manufactured by proce
43、ssing living organisms (for example, pellets manufacturedby shredding and pelletizing plant material) and materials produced by processing living organisms, their components ormetabolites (for example, transesterified oil; also called biodiesel).3.1.12 biosurfactant, na biologically produced molecul
44、e that acts as a soap or detergent.3.1.13 consortium (pl. consortia), nmicrobial community comprised of more than one, species that exhibits properties notshown by individual community members.3.1.13.1 DiscussionConsortia often mediate biodeterioration processes that individual taxa cannot.3.1.14 de
45、pacifying, adjthe process of removing hydrogen ions (protons) from the cathodic surface of an electrolytic cell,thereby promoting continued electrolytic corrosion.3.1.15 deplasticize, vthe process of breaking down polymers in plastics and similar materials, resulting in loss of thematerials structur
46、al integrity.3.1.16 facultative anaerobe, na microorganism capable of growing in both oxic and anoxic environments.3.1.16.1 DiscussionFacultative anaerobes use oxygen when it is present, and use either organic or inorganic energy sources (nitrate, sulfate, and soforth) when oxygen is depleted or abs
47、ent.3.1.17 fungus (pl. fungi), nsingle cell (yeasts) or filamentous (molds) microorganisms that share the property of having thetrue intracellular membranes (organelles) that characterize all higher life forms (Eukaryotes).3.1.18 metabolite, na chemical substance produced by any of the many complex
48、chemical and physical processes involvedin the maintenance of life.3.1.19 microbial activity test, nany analytical procedure designed to measure the rate or results of one or more microorganismprocesses.3.1.19.1 DiscussionD6469 174Examples of microbial activity tests include loss or appearance of sp
49、ecific molecules or measuring the rate of change of parameters,such as acid number, molecular weight distribution (carbon number distribution), and specific gravity.3.1.20 microbially influenced corrosion (MIC), ncorrosion that is enhanced by the action of microorganisms in the localenvironment.3.1.21 mold, nform of fungal growth, characterized by long strands of filaments (hyphae) and, under appropriate growthconditions, aerial, spore-bearing structures.3.1.21.1 DiscussionIn fluids, mold colonies typically appear as soft spher
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