1、Designation: D 6477 09Standard Terminology Relating toTire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6477; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitionsdeveloped by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fab-rics.1.2
3、The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tirecord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outsidethe tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilationsor in dictionaries of general usage.1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this termi-nology is also a to
4、ol for managing the Subcommitteesterminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventingredundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to thesame concept are defined in different words.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 885 Test Method
5、s for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, andIndustrial Filament Yarns Made from ManufacturedOrganic-Base FibersD 1871 Test Method for Adhesion Between Tire Bead Wireand RubberD 2229 Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel TireCords and RubberD 2692 Test Method for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, TireCord Fa
6、brics, Tire Cord, and YarnsD 2969 Test Methods for Steel Tire CordsD 2970/D 2970M Test Methods for Testing Tire Cords, TireCord Fabrics, and Industrial Yarns Made From GlassFilamentsD 4393 Test Method for Strap PeelAdhesion of ReinforcingCords or Fabrics to Rubber CompoundsD 4776 Test Method for Adh
7、esion of Tire Cords and OtherReinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-Test Pro-cedureD 4974 Test Method for HotAir Thermal Shrinkage of Yarnand Cord Using a Thermal Shrinkage OvenD 4975 Test Methods for Single-Filament Tire Bead WireMade from SteelD 5591 Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of
8、Yarnand Cord With a Thermal Shrinkage Force TesterD 6320 Test Methods for Single Filament Hose ReinforcingWire Made from Steel3. Terminologyadhesion, nin tire fabrics, the force required to separate atextile material from rubber or other elastomer by a definiteprescribed method. D 1871, D 2229, D 43
9、93, D 4776adhesive treated tire cord, na tire cord whose adhesion torubber or other elastomer has been improved by the appli-cation of a dip followed by rapid drying and (normally)additional heat treatment. D 5591air wicking, nin tires, the passage of air longitudinally alongor through yarns in a fa
10、bric that has been encased and curedin rubber or other elastomer, that is, air permeability in theplane of the fabric. D 2692breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to a materialcarried to rupture.DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force. Materials that are ducti
11、le are usually capable of withstand-ing the maximum force without rupturing. For many years, it has beenthe usual practice in the tire industry and related industries to use theterm breaking strength to characterize yarn and cord of a specified sizeand type without consideration of their unit size.
12、Numerically, breakingstrength is equal to breaking force for the same specimen. The averageof the breaking forces observed on two or more specimens of a specificsample is referred to as the sample breaking strength, which is theproperty used in engineering calculations for a specific textile materia
13、l.Tensile strength and breaking tenacityare derived or calculated valuesfor materials that include consideration of the unit size of the materials.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabr
14、ics.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 647704.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
15、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.These terms can be used to compare intrinsic strengths of yarns andcords of different sizes or differ
16、ent materials. The term tensile strength,in MPA (psi), is not synonymous hit either breaking force or breakingstrength, in N (lbf), or breaking tenacity, in mN/tex (gf/den). D 885,D 2970/D 2970M, D 4975D 6320breaking strength, na strength expressed in terms ofbreaking force.DISCUSSION Breaking stren
17、gth is particularly significant as thecharacteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen, and is usuallyexpressed as newtons (N) or pounds-force (lbf). See discussion forbreaking force.(D 885)breaking tenacity, nthe tenacity at the breaking force.DISCUSSIONSee discussion for breaking force. D 88
18、5, D 2970/D 2970Mcatenary length, nthe difference between the length of theshortest and the longest component in a plied yarn or cablescord after twisting. D 2970/D 2970Mchafer fabric, nwoven fabric, usually coated with unvulca-nized rubber, which is laid around the bead of a tire beforevulcanizatio
19、n.DISCUSSIONChafer fabric is used to reinforce the outer layer ofrubber on the tire bead to provide an abrasion resistant surface incontact with the wheel rim. In the case of tubeless tires, the chaferfabric is usually made wickproof to prevent air leaking from the inflatedtire. D 2692, D 4393cord,
20、na twisted or formed structure composed of one ormore single or plied filaments, strands, or yarns of organicpolymer or inorganic materials.DISCUSSIONCord, as used in these test methods, is used for themanufacture of pneumatic tires or other industrial fabrics. The directionof twist used to combine
21、the single or plied yarn elements into a cordconstruction is in the direction opposite to that used in the yarns.Frequently, tire and other reinforcing cords consist of a single yarnstrand having little or no twist. These cords as well as singlemonofilaments, are used synonymously with twisted and p
22、lied cords inthis test method. D 885, D 4776, D 5591cord twist, nthe amount of twist in a cord made from two ormore single or plied yarns.DISCUSSIONCord twist is based on the initial length of a cordspecimen. Cord twist is expressed as the number of turns divided by thelength of the untwisted cord.
23、D 885, D 2970/D 2970Mcore, na filament or strand that serves as an extended axisabout which other elements can be wound. D 2969curing, nsee the preferred term vulcanization. D 1871,D 4393, D 4776dip, na chemical composition that is applied to a textile cordor fabric to improve its adhesion to rubber
24、 or other elas-tomer. D 885, D 2970/D 2970Mdip pick-up, nthe amount of dip or dip components presentin a textile cord or fabric after processing, expressed as apercentage of the mass of the oven-dried dip-free material.D 885, D 2970/D 2970Mdirection of lay, nthe helical disposition of the components
25、of a strand or cord.DISCUSSIONThe strand or cord has an “S” or left hand lay if, whenheld vertically, the spirals around the central axis of the strand or cordconform in the direction of slope to the central portion of the letter “S”;and “Z”, or righthand lay, if the spirals conform in direction of
26、slope tothe central portion of the letter “Z”. D 2969direction of twist, nsee direction of lay. D 2969elongation, nthe ratio of the extension of a material to thelength of the material prior to stretching.DISCUSSIONElongation may be measured at any specified force or atrupture. D 885, D 6320fabric ,
27、 n in textiles, a planar structure consisting of yarns orfibers.DISCUSSIONIn tire cord, fabrics are produced with tire cord warpyarns interlaced with widely spaced filling yarns. D 885, D 2970/D 2970Mfabric dip, nfor tire fabrics, a chemical composition whichis applied to a textile cord or fabric to
28、 improve its adhesionto rubber compounds. D 4393flare, nthe spreading of the filament ends or the strand endsat the cut end of a steel tire cord, expressed as the unraveledlength. D 2969greige cord, nin tire cords, a cord that has not been adhesivetreated, heat treated, or otherwise treated before u
29、se (seecord). D 4974, D 5591greige tire cord, na tire cord that has not been dip treated orheat treated before use (see tire cord). D 5591growth, nthe increase one or more dimensions of an objector a material.DISCUSSIONThe increase in length of a specimen caused by theapplication of a continuing loa
30、d or force under specified conditions.D 885high elongation, adjin steel tire cord, a cord with an averageelongation at break greater than 3.0 %. D 2969holland cloth, na completely filled woven fabric having asmooth gloss finish on both sides used as a separatingmedium for sheeted rubber compounds. D
31、 1871, D 4393hose reinforcing wire, na single filament of steel wire witha metallic coating (usually brass) used in the reinforcementof a rubber or other elastomer hose. D 1871, D 6320H-test adhesion, nthe force to extract either end of a textilecord structure that is embedded in a rubber compound u
32、nderspecified conditions. D 4776industrial yarn, na yarn composed of continuous filaments,usually of high breaking tenacity, produced with or withouttwist, and intended for applications in which functionalproperties are of primary importance; for example, in rein-forcing material in elastomeric prod
33、ucts (tires, hose, belt-ing), in protective coverings, and in cordage and webbing,and so forth. D 885, D 2970/D 2970M, D 4776initial modulus, nthe slope of the initial straight portion ofa stress-strain (or force elongation) curve.DISCUSSIONModulus is the ratio of the change in tenacity, ex-pressed
34、in millinewtons per tex (mN/tex) or grams-force per denier(gf/den) to the change in strain, expressed as a fraction of the originallength. In the case of a tenacity elongation curve, the followingD6477092equation is used to calculated the initial modulus: initail modulus 5tencaity/percent elongation
35、! 3 100 D 885,D 2970/D 2970Mlength of lay, nthe axial distance required to make onecomplete revolution of any element of a strand or cord.D 2969mill grain, nin rubber, grain which is imparted to rubbersheeting while being mixed or conditioned in a rubber milland which is parallel to the direction th
36、e rubber moves in themill. D 1871moisture equilibrium for testing, nfor industrial yarns andtire cords, the condition reached when, after free exposure toa test atmosphere which is in motion, two successiveweighings not less than 4 h apart, show not more than 0.1 %progressive change in mass of the s
37、pecimen or sample.D 885percent elongation, nthe increase in length of a specimenexpressed as a percentage of the original length. D 4975pneumatic tire, na hollow tire that becomes load-bearingupon inflation with air, or other gas, to a pressure aboveatmospheric. D 885, D 5591reinforcing cord, na cor
38、d made from industrial yarns andused to provide added support to other materials, such astires, hose, belting, protective coverings, webbings, and soforth. D 4776residual torsion, nrevolutions made by a specified length ofcord when one end is held in a fixed position and the otherallowed to turn fre
39、ely. D 2969retraction, nin yarns and cords, the reduction in lengthwhen previous restraint is removed and relaxation is al-lowed, thus causing a directionally proportional increase inlinear density. D 5591rubber, na material that is capable of recovering from largedeformations quickly and forcibly,
40、and can be, or already is,modified to a state in which it is essentially insoluble (butcan swell) in boiling solvent, such as benzene, methylethylketone, and ethanol-toluene azeotrope. D 1871, D 4393,D 4776rubber compound, nas used in the manufacture of rubberarticles, an intimate mixture of elastom
41、er(s) with all thematerials necessary for the finished article. D 1871,D 2229, D 4393, D 4776rubberize, vto impregnate or coat with rubber compound, orboth. D 4393single twist, nthe amount of twist in each individual singleyarn element in a tire cord structure based on the length ofthe element after
42、 twist has been removed from the cord.D 885standard atmosphere for testing textiles, nlaboratory con-ditions for testing fibers, yarns, and fabrics in which air andrelative humidity are maintained at specific levels withestablished tolerances.DISCUSSIONAir is maintained at a relative humidity of 55
43、6 2% andat a temperature of 24 6 1C (75 6 2F) for this test method.D 885, D 2970/D 2970M, D 4974, D 5591steel cord, na formed structure made of two or more steelfilaments when used as an end product or a combination ofstrands or filaments and strands. D 2229, D 2969, D 4393steel cord wrap, na steel
44、filament wound helically around asteel cord. D 2969steel filament, nthe individual element in a steel strand orcord. D 2969, , D 4393steel strand, na group of steel filaments combined to form aunit product to be processed further.DISCUSSIONA strand may be considered a cord if it is the finishedprodu
45、ct for tire reinforcement or it may be an element in a morecomplex structure. D 2969stitch, vin making rubberized articles, to press uncuredrubber compound into or around yarns or cords to form acomposite of the materials and to remove entrapped air.DISCUSSIONNormally the yarns or cords in the artic
46、le are parallel.The stitching tool is normally a rolling disk mounted on an axle formanipulation by hand or by machine. The outer edge of the disk isunsharpened but narrower than the intended space between parallelcords. Application of moderate force on this tool accomplishes highlocal pressure on t
47、he surface to which it is applied. D 4393straightness, nin steel cord, the property of a cord charac-terized by a lack of deviation from its central axis over shortlengths of cord. D 2969tabby , na plain weave fabric.In the context of tire cordfabric, it refers to sections of closely spaced weft yar
48、ns in aspecial section of fabric woven to provide as sample.tabby sample, nthe section of tire cord fabric between twotabbies that have been woven separately with a distance of0.5 to 1.0 m (18 to 36 in.) between them.DISCUSSIONA tabby usually is woven 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in) inlength using cotton
49、filling yarn in the range from 750 to 2000 tex (675to 1800 denier) and 30 to 50 picks/dm (8 to 12 picks.in). D 885,D 2970/D 2970Mtack, nfor rubber or rubber compounds, a property thatcauses two layers of these materials when pressed together toadhere at the area of contact. D 4393test panel, nfor in air wicking tests, the composite structureof a rubber compound and fabric which is used to test thefabric for air wicking. D 2692thermal shrinkage, nof textile yarn and cords, contractionin length caused by heat. D 49
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