1、Designation: D6477 13Standard Terminology Relating toTire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6477; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is the compilation of all definitionsdeveloped by Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cords and Fab-rics.1.2 Th
3、e terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to the tirecord fabric industry. Meanings of the same terms used outsidethe tire cord fabric industry can be found in other compilationsor in dictionaries of general usage.1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, this termi-nology is also a tool
4、 for managing the Subcommitteesterminology. This includes finding, eliminating, and preventingredundancies, that is, where two or more terms relating to thesame concept are defined in different words.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD885 Test Methods fo
5、r Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, andIndustrial Filament Yarns Made from ManufacturedOrganic-Base FibersD1871 Test Method for Adhesion Between Tire Bead Wireand RubberD2229 Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cordsand RubberD2692 Test Method for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, TireCord Fabrics,
6、Tire Cord, and YarnsD2969 Test Methods for Steel Tire CordsD2970/D2970M Test Methods for Testing Tire Cords, TireCord Fabrics, and Industrial Yarns Made From GlassFilamentsD4393 Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of ReinforcingCords or Fabrics to Rubber CompoundsD4776 Test Method for Adhesion of Ti
7、re Cords and OtherReinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-TestProcedureD4974 Test Method for Hot Air Thermal Shrinkage of Yarnand Cord Using a Thermal Shrinkage OvenD4975 Test Methods for Single-Filament Tire Bead WireMade from SteelD5591 Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarnand Cord Wi
8、th a Thermal Shrinkage Force TesterD6320 Test Methods for Single Filament Hose ReinforcingWire Made from SteelD6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, HoseReinforcing Wire, and Fabrics3. Terminologyadhesion, nin tire fabrics, the force required to separate atextile material from rubber or
9、 other elastomer by a definiteprescribed method. D1871, D2229, D4393, D4776adhesion, nthe property denoting the ability of a material toresist delamination or separation into two or more layers.D6477adhesive treated tire cord, na tire cord whose adhesion torubber or other elastomer has been improved
10、 by the appli-cation of a dip followed by rapid drying and (normally)additional heat treatment. D5591air wicking, n in tires, the passage of air longitudinally alongor through yarns in a fabric that has been encased and curedin rubber or other elastomer, that is, air permeability in theplane of the
11、fabric. D2692breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to a materialcarried to rupture.DISCUSSIONMaterials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-mum force. Materials that are ductile are usually capable of withstand-ing the maximum force without rupturing. For many years, it has beenthe usua
12、l practice in the tire industry and related industries to use theterm breaking strength to characterize yarn and cord of a specified sizeand type without consideration of their unit size. Numerically, breakingstrength is equal to breaking force for the same specimen. The averageof the breaking force
13、s observed on two or more specimens of a specificsample is referred to as the sample breaking strength, which is theproperty used in engineering calculations for a specific textile material.Tensile strength and breaking tenacityare derived or calculated valuesfor materials that include consideration
14、 of the unit size of the materials.These terms can be used to compare intrinsic strengths of yarns and1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers andMetallic Reinforcements.Current edition ap
15、proved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D647711. DOI:10.1520/D6477-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
16、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1cords of different sizes or different materials. The term tensile strength,in MPA (psi), is not synony
17、mous hit either breaking force or breakingstrength, in N (lbf), or breaking tenacity, in mN/tex (gf/den). D885,D2970/D2970M, D4975, D6320breaking strength, nthe ability or capacity of a specificmaterial to withstand the ultimate tensile load or forcerequired for rupture. (See also tensile strength).
18、DISCUSSION Breaking strength is particularly significant as thecharacteristic of a sample as distinct from a specimen, and is usuallyexpressed as newtons (N) or pounds-force (lbf). See discussion forbreaking force. D885breaking tenacity, nthe tenacity at the breaking force.DISCUSSIONSee discussion f
19、or breaking force. D885, D2970/D2970Mcatenary length, nthe difference between the length of theshortest and the longest component in a plied yarn or cablescord after twisting. D2970/D2970Mchafer fabric, nwoven fabric, usually coated with unvulca-nized rubber, which is laid around the bead of a tire
20、beforevulcanization.DISCUSSIONChafer fabric is used to reinforce the outer layer ofrubber on the tire bead to provide an abrasion resistant surface incontact with the wheel rim. In the case of tubeless tires, the chaferfabric is usually made wickproof to prevent air leaking from the inflatedtire. D2
21、692, D4393cord, na twisted or formed structure composed of one ormore single or plied filaments, strands, or yarns of organicpolymer or inorganic materials.DISCUSSIONCord, as used in these test methods, is used for themanufacture of pneumatic tires or other industrial fabrics. The directionof twist
22、used to combine the single or plied yarn elements into a cordconstruction is in the direction opposite to that used in the yarns.Frequently, tire and other reinforcing cords consist of a single yarnstrand having little or no twist. These cords as well as singlemonofilaments, are used synonymously wi
23、th twisted and plied cords inthis test method. D885, D4776, D5591cord twist, nthe amount of twist in a cord made from two ormore single or plied yarns.DISCUSSIONCord twist is based on the initial length of a cordspecimen. Cord twist is expressed as the number of turns divided by thelength of the unt
24、wisted cord. D885, D2970/D2970Mcore, na filament or strand that serves as an extended axisabout which other elements can be wound. D2969curing, nsee the preferred term vulcanization. D1871,D4393, D4776dip, na chemical composition that is applied to a textile cordor fabric to improve its adhesion to
25、rubber or otherelastomer. D885, D2970/D2970Mdip pick-up, nthe amount of dip or dip components presentin a textile cord or fabric after processing, expressed as apercentage of the mass of the oven-dried dip-free material.D885, D2970/D2970Mdirection of lay, nthe helical disposition of the componentsof
26、 a strand or cord.DISCUSSIONThe strand or cord has an “S” or left hand lay if, whenheld vertically, the spirals around the central axis of the strand or cordconform in the direction of slope to the central portion of the letter “S”;and “Z”, or righthand lay, if the spirals conform in direction of sl
27、ope tothe central portion of the letter “Z”. D2969direction of twist, nsee direction of lay. D2969elongation, nthe ratio of the extension of a material to thelength of the material prior to stretching.DISCUSSIONElongation may be measured at any specified force or atrupture. D885, D6320fabric , nin t
28、extiles, a planar structure consisting of yarns orfibers.DISCUSSIONIn tire cord, fabrics are produced with tire cord warpyarns interlaced with widely spaced filling yarns. D885, D2970/D2970Mfabric dip, nfor tire fabrics, a chemical composition whichis applied to a textile cord or fabric to improve i
29、ts adhesionto rubber compounds. D4393filament, nin steel cord, the individual element in a steelstrand or cord source. D6477flare, nthe spreading of the filament ends or the strand endsat the cut end of a steel tire cord, expressed as the unraveledlength. D2969greige cord, n in tire cords, a cord th
30、at has not been adhesivetreated, heat treated, or otherwise treated before use (seecord). D4974, D5591greige tire cord, na tire cord that has not been dip treated orheat treated before use (see tire cord). D5591growth, nthe increase one or more dimensions of an objector a material.DISCUSSIONThe incr
31、ease in length of a specimen caused by theapplication of a continuing load or force under specified conditions.D885high elongation, adjin steel tire cord, a cord with an averageelongation at break greater than 3.0 %. D2969high-modulus aramid, nfor the purpose of these testmethods, those aramid yarns
32、 with an initial modulus of atleast 400 gf/den (35 N/tex). D6477holland cloth, na completely filled woven fabric having asmooth gloss finish on both sides used as a separatingmedium for sheeted rubber compounds. D1871, D4393hose reinforcing wire, na single filament of steel wire witha metallic coati
33、ng (usually brass) used in the reinforcementof a rubber or other elastomer hose. D1871, D6320H-test adhesion, nthe force to extract either end of a textilecord structure that is embedded in a rubber compound underspecified conditions. D4776industrial yarn, na yarn composed of continuous filaments,us
34、ually of high breaking tenacity, produced with or withouttwist, and intended for applications in which functionalD6477 132properties are of primary importance; for example, in rein-forcing material in elastomeric products (tires, hose,belting), in protective coverings, and in cordage andwebbing, and
35、 so forth. D885, D2970/D2970M, D4776initial modulus, nthe slope of the initial straight portion ofa stress-strain (or force elongation) curve.DISCUSSIONModulus is the ratio of the change in tenacity, ex-pressed in millinewtons per tex (mN/tex) or grams-force per denier(gf/den) to the change in strai
36、n, expressed as a fraction of the originallength. In the case of a tenacity elongation curve, the followingequation is used to calculated the initial modulus:initail modulus5tencaity/percent elongation!3100 D885,D2970/D2970Mlength of lay, nthe axial distance required to make onecomplete revolution o
37、f any element of a strand or cord.D2969mill grain, nin rubber, grain which is imparted to rubbersheeting while being mixed or conditioned in a rubber milland which is parallel to the direction the rubber moves in themill. D1871moisture equilibrium for testing, nfor industrial yarns andtire cords, th
38、e condition reached when, after free exposure toa test atmosphere which is in motion, two successiveweighings not less than 4 h apart, show not more than 0.1 %progressive change in mass of the specimen or sample. D885percent elongation, nthe increase in length of a specimenexpressed as a percentage
39、of the original length. D4975pneumatic tire, na hollow tire that becomes load-bearingupon inflation with air, or other gas, to a pressure aboveatmospheric. D885, D5591reinforcing cord, na cord made from industrial yarns andused to provide added support to other materials, such astires, hose, belting
40、, protective coverings, webbings, and soforth. D4776residual torsion, nrevolutions made by a specified length ofcord when one end is held in a fixed position and the otherallowed to turn freely. D2969retraction, nin yarns and cords, the reduction in lengthwhen previous restraint is removed and relax
41、ation isallowed, thus causing a directionally proportional increase inlinear density. D5591rubber, na material that is capable of recovering from largedeformations quickly and forcibly, and can be, or already is,modified to a state in which it is essentially insoluble (butcan swell) in boiling solve
42、nt, such as benzene, methylethylketone, and ethanol-toluene azeotrope. D1871, D4393,D4776rubber compound, nas used in the manufacture of rubberarticles, an intimate mixture of elastomer(s) with all thematerials necessary for the finished article. D1871, D2229,D4393, D4776rubberize, vto impregnate or
43、 coat with rubber compound, orboth. D4393single twist, nthe amount of twist in each individual singleyarn element in a tire cord structure based on the length ofthe element after twist has been removed from the cord.D885standard atmosphere for testing textiles, nlaboratory con-ditions for testing fi
44、bers, yarns, and fabrics in which air andrelative humidity are maintained at specific levels withestablished tolerances.DISCUSSIONAir is maintained at a relative humidity of 55 6 2% andat a temperature of 24 6 1C (75 6 2F) for this test method. D885,D2970/D2970M, D4974, D5591steel cord, na formed st
45、ructure made of two or more steelfilaments when used as an end product or a combination ofstrands or filaments and strands. D2229, D2969, D4393steel cord wrap, na steel filament wound helically around asteel cord. D2969steel filament, nthe individual element in a steel strand orcord. D2969,D4393stee
46、l strand, na group of steel filaments combined to form aunit product to be processed further.DISCUSSIONA strand may be considered a cord if it is the finishedproduct for tire reinforcement or it may be an element in a morecomplex structure. D2969stitch, vin making rubberized articles, to press uncur
47、edrubber compound into or around yarns or cords to form acomposite of the materials and to remove entrapped air.DISCUSSIONNormally the yarns or cords in the article are parallel.The stitching tool is normally a rolling disk mounted on an axle formanipulation by hand or by machine. The outer edge of
48、the disk isunsharpened but narrower than the intended space between parallelcords. Application of moderate force on this tool accomplishes highlocal pressure on the surface to which it is applied. D4393straightness, n in steel cord, the property of a cord charac-terized by a lack of deviation from i
49、ts central axis over shortlengths of cord. D2969tabby , na plain weave fabric.In the context of tire cordfabric, it refers to sections of closely spaced weft yarns in aspecial section of fabric woven to provide as sample.tabby sample, nthe section of tire cord fabric between twotabbies that have been woven separately with a distance of0.5 to 1.0 m (18 to 36 in.) between them.DISCUSSIONA tabby usually is woven 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in) inlength using cotton filling yarn in the range from 750 to 2000 tex (675to 1
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