1、Designation: D6497/D6497M 02 (Reapproved 2015)1Standard Guide forMechanical Attachment of Geomembrane to Penetrations orStructures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6497/D6497M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEDesignation was changed to dual, units information was corrected and 2.1 was inserted editorially i
3、n June 2015.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures that can be employed tomechanically attach fabricated geomembranes to structures,pipes, etc.1.2 This guide does not address all problems or situations ageomembrane installer or design engineer may face in theattachment of geomembranes to structure
4、s, pipes, etc. The solepurpose of this standard guide is to point out typical problemswith geomembrane attachments and clearly state objectives ofeach component of the geomembrane attachment(s).1.3 This guide has been generated for geomembrane appli-cation(s); however, a geomembrane installer or des
5、ignengineer, or both, may find portions of this guide applicable toother geosynthetics.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independentl
6、y of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and heal
7、th practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4848 Terminology Related to
8、 Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesF118 Definitions of Terms Relating to Gaskets2.2 EPA Document:3Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Waste Contain-ment Facilities, Technical Guidance Document, UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-93/182, September 19933. T
9、erminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 banding strap, na flexible narrow strip of metal,plastic or other material, which compresses the geomembranearound a penetration by acting as a clamp around the penetra-tion.3.1.2 batten, na rigid narrow strip of metal, wood, plasticor other material which distributes
10、 the forces to compress thegeomembrane against a penetration or structure.3.1.3 boot, na factory or field fabricated geomembranewrap used to seal around a pipe penetration prior to attachment(see Fig. 1).3.1.4 clamp, na flexible narrow strip of metal, plastic orother material, which compresses the g
11、eomembrane against apenetration by tightening the bolt(s) or screw(s) of the clamp(see Fig. 2).3.1.5 concrete, na homogeneous mixture of portlandcement, aggregates, and water which may contain admixtures.(C822)3.1.6 gaskets, na material, which may be clamped be-tween contact surfaces that acts as a
12、static seal. Gaskets are cut,formed, or molded into the desired configuration. They mayconsist of any of the following construction: one or more pliesof a sheet material; composites of dissimilar materials; andmaterials applied as a bead or other form to one or both matingfaces prior to assembly. (F
13、118)1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D649702(2010).DOI: 1
14、0.1520/D6497_D6497M-02R15E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government
15、Publishing Office, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.7 geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geosyn-thetic composed of one or more synthetic shee
16、ts. (D4439)3.1.8 rondel, na strip of polymeric material formed to ageometry, which is embedded and secured to a penetration orstructure (for example, concrete structure) (see Fig. 3).3.1.9 sealantin building construction, a material that hasthe adhesive and cohesive properties to form a seal. (C717)
17、3.1.10 torque, na movement (of forces) which produces ortends to produce rotation or torsion. (D4848)3.1.11 void space, nin engineered structures, space(s)between the geomembrane and penetration or structure, whichallow liquid or vapor migration, or allow the geomembrane todeform into the space(s) d
18、ue to overburden pressure. (New, tobe balloted under Terminology Committee.)4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide attempts to detail specific areas of concernregarding the attachment of geomembranes to structures.Components of the geomembrane attachment are addressed asto the type and use of each co
19、mponent.4.2 Although this guide does not address all aspects ofgeomembrane attachments, the user of this guide may noteimportant objectives and design issues of each component ofthe geomembrane. All these objectives and design issues mayor may not be required to obtain an appropriate geomembraneatta
20、chment. By describing these areas of concern, it is hopedthat the user of this guide will be able to design geomembraneattachments, develop specifications or construct geomembraneattachments, or both, which fulfill the requirements of itsdesign intent.5. Types of Connection5.1 Batten(s)Battens are c
21、ommonly used to attach ageomembrane to a smooth, flat surface. Anchor bolts areembedded into the penetration or structure at set locations. Agasket is placed in-line with the bolts to form a seal betweenthe geomembrane and structure. Geomembrane is pushed orforced over the bolts to insure a tight fi
22、t and then placed againstthe penetration or structure. The batten, which has holes in itthat are in alignment with the bolts, is placed over thegeomembrane. Nuts are placed on the bolts and tightened withsufficient torque to compress the geomembrane against thepenetration or structure. The geomembra
23、ne is held in place bythe friction generated by the compression effect of the batten(see Fig. 4).5.1.1 A compression sealant or gasket can be used betweenthe geomembrane and the penetration or structure or batten, orboth. The compression sealant or gasket will limit the migra-tion of liquid or vapor
24、 through the batten connection.5.2 Clamp(s) or Banding Strap(s)Clamps or bandingstraps are commonly used to attach a geomembrane to asmooth, round penetration or structure (for example, pipe). Thegeomembrane is placed around the penetration or structure andwelded as close as possible to the circumfe
25、rence of theFIG. 1 Pipe PenetrationPerpendicular FaceD6497/D6497M 02 (2015)12penetration or structure. A gasket is placed around the penetra-tion or structure at the location of the clamp placement to forma seal between the geomembrane and penetration or structure.The geomembrane is then put in-plac
26、e and over the gasket. Theclamp or banding strap is commonly tightened by applying atorque to a bolt or bolts, a screw or screws, or other mechanicaldevice, which applies a pulling force that decreases the lengthof the clamp, or banding strap, thereby compressing thegeomembrane and gasket to the pen
27、etration or structure. Thegeomembrane is held in place by the friction generated bytightening the clamp or banding strap and compressing thegeomembrane against the penetration or structure.5.2.1 A compression sealant or gasket can be used betweenthe geomembrane and the penetration or structure or cl
28、amp, orboth. The compression sealant or gasket will limit the migra-tion of liquid or vapor through the clamp connection.5.3 WeldedWelded connections can be either a solventweld or heat weld. Heat welding of dissimilar materials can beaccomplished as long as both materials are thermoplastic. It isre
29、commended that welding criteria for dissimilar materials bereviewed with the material manufacturer before constructingthe attachment.5.3.1 The welded connections are commonly made to arondel or pipe (see Fig. 5) composed of similar polymericmaterial as the geomembrane. The rondel is embedded into th
30、epenetration or structure during its construction. For example,rondels are commonly embedded into a concrete structure. Thematerial used for the penetration or structure is allowed to curebefore attachment of the geomembrane. The curing time allowsthe rondel to become secured in the penetration or s
31、tructure.Once the material used for the penetration or structure hascured sufficiently to reduce the risk of pulling the rondel fromthe penetration or structure, the geomembrane can be welded tothe rondel (see Fig. 3).5.3.2 Welding geomembranes to rondels and pipes is similarto welding geomembrane p
32、anels together. The geomembranemust be placed flush against the rondel or pipe during thewelding process. The geomembrane and rondel or pipe must beclean or prepared, or both, according to the prescribedgeomembrane manufacturers procedure before welding.5.3.3 Welding the geomembrane to the penetrati
33、on or struc-ture may provide an attachment that has a lower possibility ofleakage. Since the geomembrane is attached directly to thestructure, sealants are usually not required. However, specialattention should be noted for rondels used for attachment ofgeomembranes to concrete structures. If severa
34、l sections orpieces of rondels are required to construct an attachment,spaces or gaps between the individual sections or pieces couldoccur during their embedment and during the curing of theconcrete. This would especially occur for rondels made ofFIG. 2 Clamp DetailD6497/D6497M 02 (2015)13polymeric
35、material that expands and contracts according to thetemperature of the concrete during the curing process. Sealantsmay be required to fill the spaces or gaps between the rondelsto further limit the migration of liquid or vapor through thebatten connection.5.3.4 Pre-fabrication of the complete rondel
36、 attachmentbefore placement into the concrete is recommended. Thepre-fabricated rondel is composed of welded sections or piecesof rondels, thereby eliminating the possibility of gaps betweensections or pieces on rondels after the concrete cures.FIG. 3 Rondel ConnectionFIG. 4 Anchor Bolt Geomembrane
37、ConnectionD6497/D6497M 02 (2015)145.4 BondedBonded connections commonly require theuse of an adhesive to construct the attachment. The use of anadhesive allows the geomembrane to be attached to dis-similarmaterial. The adhesive used must be compatible with both thegeomembrane and the surface materia
38、l of the penetration orstructure. The application and curing of the adhesive shouldnot significantly deteriorate the strength of the geomembraneor the material surface of the penetration or structure beyondthe design requirements of the attachment.5.4.1 The geomembrane and the surface of the penetra
39、tionor structure should be clean and prepared according theadhesive manufacturers and geomembrane manufacturersrecommendation.5.4.2 Bonding the geomembrane to the penetration or struc-ture may provide an attachment, which has a lower possibilityof leakage. Since the geomembrane is attached directly
40、to thestructure, sealants are usually not required.6. Types of Structures6.1 ConcreteConcrete structures that require attachmentof geomembranes include, but are not limited to, pads, floors,walls, tanks, manholes, and pylons. The use of battens, clampsor banding strips, or bonding can attach a geome
41、mbrane toconcrete structures. When attaching a geomembrane to anyconcrete structure, consider each critical concern detailed inSection 7.6.2 MetalMetal structures that require attachment ofgeomembranes include, but are not limited to, pads, floors,walls, pipes, and tanks. The use of battens, clamps
42、or bandingstrips, can attach a geomembrane to metal structures. Whenattaching a geomembrane to any metal structure, consider eachcritical concern detailed in Section 7.6.3 PipePipe structures can be composed of concrete,metal or polymer. Clamps, banding strips, solvent weld, or heatweld can attach a
43、 geomembrane to pipe structures. Theattachment of a geomembrane to any pipe structure shouldconsider critical concerns detailed in 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.7. Critical Areas for the Protection of the Geomembrane7.1 Surface CharacteristicsThe surface of the structurefor which the geomembrane is to
44、 be attached should beconstructed or formed to limit damage to the geomembrane.This is particularly important in cases where the geomembranewill be pressed against the structure. Irregularities in thestructure surface could cause stress points in the geomembrane,thereby, allowing portion(s) of the g
45、eomembrane to yield at alower load than its design application. If a structure cannot beconstructed or formed without irregularities, then a protectivelayer should be placed between the structure and the geomem-brane (see Fig. 4).7.2 Edges of StructuresEdges or corners of structuresshould be rounded
46、 to limit possible damage to the geomem-brane. A protective layer can be constructed or placed over theedge or corner to protect the geomembrane.7.3 Large Voids Under GeomembraneLarge voids underthe geomembrane can cause deformation and stress in thegeomembrane and geomembrane seams if, under pressu
47、re orload, the geomembrane is forced into the void(s). Large voidsFIG. 5 Pipe BootD6497/D6497M 02 (2015)15should be filled or bridged to stop the geomembrane andgeomembrane seams from becoming overly stressed (see Figs.6 and 7).7.4 Settlement Around StructuresIf a geomembrane is tobe connected to a
48、structure and placed over an area which maysettle at a greater or lesser rate than the structure, the designengineer or geomembrane installer should take precautions tolimit settlement around the structure. If settlement around thestructure cannot be avoided, then the design engineer shoulddesign a
49、flexible connection to the structure that considerssettlement and alleviates the stresses, which could occur due tosettlement.7.5 In-Plane AttachmentThe geomembrane should beplaced in parallel or “in-plane” with the structure or penetrationto be attached. The geomembrane should lie flat against thesurface of the structure or penetration for a sufficient distanceprior to the geomembrane being placed “out of plane” of thestructure or penetration. This is to avoid bridging withinattachment, pulling away from the structure, or stresses withinthe g
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