1、Designation: D6497 02 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Guide forMechanical Attachment of Geomembrane to Penetrations orStructures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures that can be employed tomechanically attach fabricated geomembranes to structur
3、es,pipes, etc.1.2 This guide does not address all problems or situations ageomembrane installer or design engineer may face in theattachment of geomembranes to structures, pipes, etc. The solepurpose of this standard guide is to point out typical problemswith geomembrane attachments and clearly stat
4、e objectives ofeach component of the geomembrane attachment(s).1.3 This guide has been generated for geomembrane appli-cation(s); however, a geomembrane installer or design engi-neer, or both, may find portions of this guide applicable toother geosynthetics.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to b
5、e regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and d
6、etermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 EPA Document:Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Waste Contain-ment Facilities, Technical Guidance Document, UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-93/182, September 199323. Terminolo
7、gy3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 banding strap, na flexible narrow strip of metal,plastic or other material, which compresses the geomembranearound a penetration by acting as a clamp around the penetra-tion.3.1.2 batten, na rigid narrow strip of metal, wood, plasticor other material which distributes the for
8、ces to compress thegeomembrane against a penetration or structure.3.1.3 boot, na factory or field fabricated geomembranewrap used to seal around a pipe penetration prior to attachment(see Fig. 1).3.1.4 clamp, na flexible narrow strip of metal, plastic orother material, which compresses the geomembra
9、ne against apenetration by tightening the bolt(s) or screw(s) of the clamp(see Fig. 2).3.1.5 concrete, na homogeneous mixture of portlandcement, aggregates, and water which may contain admixtures.(C822)3.1.6 gaskets, na material, which may be clamped be-tween contact surfaces that acts as a static s
10、eal. Gaskets are cut,formed, or molded into the desired configuration. They mayconsist of any of the following construction: one or more pliesof a sheet material; composites of dissimilar materials; andmaterials applied as a bead or other form to one or both matingfaces prior to assembly. (F118)3.1.
11、7 geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geo-synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. (D4439)3.1.8 rondel, na strip of polymeric material formed to ageometry, which is embedded and secured to a penetration orstructure (for example, concrete structure) (see Fig. 3).3.1.9 sealantin buildi
12、ng construction, a material that hasthe adhesive and cohesive properties to form a seal. (C717)3.1.10 torque, na movement (of forces) which producesor tends to produce rotation or torsion. (D4848)3.1.11 void space, nin engineered structures, space(s)between the geomembrane and penetration or structu
13、re, whichallow liquid or vapor migration, or allow the geomembrane todeform into the space(s) due to overburden pressure. (New, tobe balloted under Terminology Committee.)4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide attempts to detail specific areas of concernregarding the attachment of geomembranes to str
14、uctures.Components of the geomembrane attachment are addressed asto the type and use of each component.4.2 Although this guide does not address all aspects ofgeomembrane attachments, the user of this guide may noteimportant objectives and design issues of each component of1This guide is under the ju
15、risdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally publishedin 1999 as D649799. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D649702. DOI:10.1520/D6497-02R10.2Avai
16、lable from Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the geomembrane. All these objectives and design issues mayor may not be required to obtain an
17、 appropriate geomembraneattachment. By describing these areas of concern, it is hopedthat the user of this guide will be able to design geomembraneattachments, develop specifications or construct geomembraneattachments, or both, which fulfill the requirements of itsdesign intent.5. Types of Connecti
18、on5.1 Batten(s)Battens are commonly used to attach ageomembrane to a smooth, flat surface. Anchor bolts areembedded into the penetration or structure at set locations. Agasket is placed in-line with the bolts to form a seal betweenthe geomembrane and structure. Geomembrane is pushed orforced over th
19、e bolts to insure a tight fit and then placed againstthe penetration or structure. The batten, which has holes in itthat are in alignment with the bolts, is placed over thegeomembrane. Nuts are placed on the bolts and tightened withsufficient torque to compress the geomembrane against thepenetration
20、 or structure. The geomembrane is held in place bythe friction generated by the compression effect of the batten(see Fig. 4).5.1.1 A compression sealant or gasket can be used betweenthe geomembrane and the penetration or structure or batten, orboth. The compression sealant or gasket will limit the m
21、igra-tion of liquid or vapor through the batten connection.5.2 Clamp(s) or Banding Strap(s)Clamps or bandingstraps are commonly used to attach a geomembrane to asmooth, round penetration or structure (for example, pipe). Thegeomembrane is placed around the penetration or structure andwelded as close
22、 as possible to the circumference of thepenetration or structure. A gasket is placed around the penetra-tion or structure at the location of the clamp placement to forma seal between the geomembrane and penetration or structure.The geomembrane is then put in-place and over the gasket. Theclamp or ba
23、nding strap is commonly tightened by applying atorque to a bolt or bolts, a screw or screws, or other mechanicaldevice, which applies a pulling force that decreases the lengthof the clamp, or banding strap, thereby compressing thegeomembrane and gasket to the penetration or structure. Thegeomembrane
24、 is held in place by the friction generated bytightening the clamp or banding strap and compressing thegeomembrane against the penetration or structure.5.2.1 A compression sealant or gasket can be used betweenthe geomembrane and the penetration or structure or clamp, orboth. The compression sealant
25、or gasket will limit the migra-tion of liquid or vapor through the clamp connection.5.3 WeldedWelded connections can be either a solventweld or heat weld. Heat welding of dissimilar materials can beaccomplished as long as both materials are thermoplastic. It isrecommended that welding criteria for d
26、issimilar materials bereviewed with the material manufacturer before constructingthe attachment.5.3.1 The welded connections are commonly made to arondel or pipe (see Fig. 5) composed of similar polymericmaterial as the geomembrane. The rondel is embedded into thepenetration or structure during its
27、construction. For example,rondels are commonly embedded into a concrete structure. Thematerial used for the penetration or structure is allowed to curebefore attachment of the geomembrane. The curing time allowsFIG. 1 Pipe PenetrationPerpendicular FaceD6497 02 (2010)2the rondel to become secured in
28、the penetration or structure.Once the material used for the penetration or structure hascured sufficiently to reduce the risk of pulling the rondel fromthe penetration or structure, the geomembrane can be welded tothe rondel (see Fig. 3).5.3.2 Welding geomembranes to rondels and pipes is similarto w
29、elding geomembrane panels together. The geomembranemust be placed flush against the rondel or pipe during thewelding process. The geomembrane and rondel or pipe must beclean or prepared, or both, according to the prescribedgeomembrane manufacturers procedure before welding.5.3.3 Welding the geomembr
30、ane to the penetration or struc-ture may provide an attachment that has a lower possibility ofleakage. Since the geomembrane is attached directly to thestructure, sealants are usually not required. However, specialattention should be noted for rondels used for attachment ofgeomembranes to concrete s
31、tructures. If several sections orpieces of rondels are required to construct an attachment,spaces or gaps between the individual sections or pieces couldoccur during their embedment and during the curing of theconcrete. This would especially occur for rondels made ofpolymeric material that expands a
32、nd contracts according to thetemperature of the concrete during the curing process. Sealantsmay be required to fill the spaces or gaps between the rondelsto further limit the migration of liquid or vapor through thebatten connection.5.3.4 Pre-fabrication of the complete rondel attachmentbefore place
33、ment into the concrete is recommended. Thepre-fabricated rondel is composed of welded sections or piecesof rondels, thereby eliminating the possibility of gaps betweensections or pieces on rondels after the concrete cures.5.4 BondedBonded connections commonly require theuse of an adhesive to constru
34、ct the attachment. The use of anadhesive allows the geomembrane to be attached to dis-similarmaterial. The adhesive used must be compatible with both thegeomembrane and the surface material of the penetration orstructure. The application and curing of the adhesive shouldnot significantly deteriorate
35、 the strength of the geomembraneor the material surface of the penetration or structure beyondthe design requirements of the attachment.5.4.1 The geomembrane and the surface of the penetrationor structure should be clean and prepared according theadhesive manufacturers and geomembrane manufacturersr
36、ecommendation.5.4.2 Bonding the geomembrane to the penetration or struc-ture may provide an attachment, which has a lower possibilityof leakage. Since the geomembrane is attached directly to thestructure, sealants are usually not required.6. Types of Structures6.1 ConcreteConcrete structures that re
37、quire attachmentof geomembranes include, but are not limited to, pads, floors,FIG. 2 Clamp DetailD6497 02 (2010)3walls, tanks, manholes, and pylons. The use of battens, clampsor banding strips, or bonding can attach a geomembrane toconcrete structures. When attaching a geomembrane to anyconcrete str
38、ucture, consider each critical concern detailed inSection 7.6.2 MetalMetal structures that require attachment ofgeomembranes include, but are not limited to, pads, floors,walls, pipes, and tanks. The use of battens, clamps or bandingstrips, can attach a geomembrane to metal structures. WhenFIG. 3 Ro
39、ndel ConnectionFIG. 4 Anchor Bolt Geomembrane ConnectionD6497 02 (2010)4attaching a geomembrane to any metal structure, consider eachcritical concern detailed in Section 7.6.3 PipePipe structures can be composed of concrete,metal or polymer. Clamps, banding strips, solvent weld, or heatweld can atta
40、ch a geomembrane to pipe structures. Theattachment of a geomembrane to any pipe structure shouldconsider critical concerns detailed in 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6.7. Critical Areas for the Protection of the Geomembrane7.1 Surface CharacteristicsThe surface of the structurefor which the geomembrane i
41、s to be attached should beconstructed or formed to limit damage to the geomembrane.This is particularly important in cases where the geomembranewill be pressed against the structure. Irregularities in thestructure surface could cause stress points in the geomembrane,thereby, allowing portion(s) of t
42、he geomembrane to yield at alower load than its design application. If a structure cannot beconstructed or formed without irregularities, then a protectivelayer should be placed between the structure and the geomem-brane (see Fig. 4).7.2 Edges of StructuresEdges or corners of structuresshould be rou
43、nded to limit possible damage to the geomem-brane. A protective layer can be constructed or placed over theedge or corner to protect the geomembrane.7.3 Large Voids Under GeomembraneLarge voids underthe geomembrane can cause deformation and stress in thegeomembrane and geomembrane seams if, under pr
44、essure orload, the geomembrane is forced into the void(s). Large voidsshould be filled or bridged to stop the geomembrane andgeomembrane seams from becoming overly stressed (see Figs.6 and 7).7.4 Settlement Around StructuresIf a geomembrane is tobe connected to a structure and placed over an area wh
45、ich maysettle at a greater or lesser rate than the structure, the designengineer or geomembrane installer should take precautions tolimit settlement around the structure. If settlement around thestructure cannot be avoided, then the design engineer shoulddesign a flexible connection to the structure
46、 that considerssettlement and alleviates the stresses, which could occur due tosettlement.7.5 In-Plane AttachmentThe geomembrane should beplaced in parallel or “in-plane” with the structure or penetrationto be attached. The geomembrane should lie flat against thesurface of the structure or penetrati
47、on for a sufficient distanceprior to the geomembrane being placed “out of plane” of thestructure or penetration. This is to avoid bridging withinattachment, pulling away from the structure, or stresses withinthe geomembrane during the placement of the batten or clamp,or both. The attached figures sh
48、ow the geomembrane beingparallel or “in-plane” to the structure or penetration as part ofthe attachment.7.6 Protection from Bolts, Battens, ClampsThe installa-tion of geomembrane over bolts, battens or clamps should bedone with a protective layer placed between the geomembraneand these items to prev
49、ent damage to the geomembrane bythese items (see Fig. 8).7.7 Cushion/Sealant Between Geomembrane and Structure,Geomembrane and Battens, Geomembrane and Clamps/BandsA cushion/sealant should be placed between thegeomembrane and the structure, between the geomembraneand the batten or geomembrane and the clamps/band to protectFIG. 5 Pipe BootD6497 02 (2010)5the geomembrane and allow for a seal between the geomem-brane and the structure, batten, or clamp/band.8. Critical Items for Strength of Attachment8.1 CleanlinessThe area of the attachment should bec
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