1、Designation: D6611 16Standard Test Method forWet and Dry Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Resistance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the measurement of abrasionresistance properties for manufactured fiber yarns in dry andwet conditions.1.2 This t
3、est method applies to manufactured yarns used inrope making.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It i
4、s theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing T
5、extilesD2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-drawn 2008)3D3412 Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to YarnD6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, HoseReinforcing Wire, and Fabrics3. Terminology3.1 The fo
6、llowing terms are relevant to this standard:abrasion, apex angle, applied tension, cycles to failure (CTF),dry, rope, wet.3.2 For terminology related to industrial fibers and metallicreinforcements, see Terminology D6477.3.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Te
7、rminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A length of yarn is interwrapped in contact with itselfbetween three pulleys that are positioned in a defined geometryto produce a specific intersection angle.Aweight is attached toone end of the yarn to apply a prescribed tension. The other endis drawn ba
8、ck and forth through a defined stroke at a definedspeed until the yarn fails due to abrasion upon itself within theinterwrapped region. The yarn abrasion test can be conductedin either the dry state or the wet state.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for testing dry and wetabras
9、ion resistance of manufactured fiber yarns. This testmethod is especially useful for ropes intended for use in themarine environment. The test method has been used with yarnshaving linear densities ranging from 70 to 300 tex, but may beused with yarns outside these ranges.5.2 Yarn to yarn friction i
10、s known to have a significantinfluence on abrasion resistance. To determine the coefficientof friction, use Test Method D3412.5.3 Limited interlaboratory correlation testing has beenconducted to date. Single-laboratory testing, in accordancewith ASTM practices, has now been conducted. Test resultssh
11、ould be used with caution.5.4 This test method is intended to provide additional datafor specific applications such as mentioned in 5.1 and is notintended for quality control or test reports.5.5 If there are differences of practical significance betweenreported test results for two or more laborator
12、ies, comparativetests should be performed to determine if there is a statisticalbias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As aminimum the test samples used should be as homogeneous aspossible, be drawn from the material from which the disparatetest results were obtained, and be rand
13、omly assigned in equalnumbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials withestablished test values may be used for this purpose. The testresults from the two or more laboratories should be compared1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct re
14、sponsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers andMetallic Reinforcements.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D661100 (2007)which was withdrawn Jan. 2016 and reinstated in July 2016. DOI: 10.152
15、0/D6611-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical stan
16、dard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability levelchosen prior to testing. If a bias is found, either its cause mustbe found and correct
17、ed, or future test results must be adjustedin consideration of the known bias.5.6 This test method is conducted at one or several appliedtensions that may depend upon the yarn material and size. Thenumber and magnitudes of applied tensions and the number ofeight specimen sets generally are agreed up
18、on in a materialspecification or contract order. Guidance on determining theappropriate number and magnitudes of applied tensions isgiven in Annex A2.6. Apparatus6.1 The Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Test Apparatus is shownschematically in Fig. 1 and consists of the following:6.2 Yarn Guide PulleysThree pul
19、leys are arranged on avertical frame with the centerline spacing indicated. All of thepulleys have the same diameter. The pulleys have low-frictionbearings.6.3 Arrangement of Guide PulleysThe upper pulley cen-terlines are separated by 140 6 2 mm. The lower pulleycenterline is 254 6 2 mm below a line
20、 connecting the upperpulley centerlines. This arrangement produces an apex angle of10.8 radians (34). Other spacings may be used which producethe same apex angle, when analyzed by the procedure given inAnnex A1.6.4 Wet Testing ArrangementFor wet testing, the lowerpulley is placed on a bar extending
21、down from a support frame,such that a beaker of water can be placed around it to immersethe interwrapped portion of the yarn. The lower pulley has abushing-type bearing suitable for prolonged service immersedin water.6.5 Drive MotorAn eccentric crank driven by a gearmotor is arranged in alignment wi
22、th one of the upper pulleys.The crank is offset by 25 6 2 mm from the drive motor shaftto create a yarn stroke of 50 6 4 mm. The gear motor drivesthe crank at between 60 and 70 revolutions/min. Other drivearrangements, which accomplish the specified stroke and drivespeed may alternatively be used.6.
23、6 Multi-Station TesterSeveral test stations may be ar-ranged on a support frame and driven by the same motor.6.7 Cycle Counter ArrangementA means of counting thenumber of yarn abrasion strokes to failure is provided. Thismay be a counter directly connected to the drive motor or acounter, which is in
24、dexed by each revolution of the crank ordirectly by each stroke of the yarn. This counter is arranged tostop counting when the yarn breaks and to retain a count of thenumber of strokes until it is reset. For multistation testers, sucha counter is provided for each yarn station.6.8 Yarn Twist Control
25、If the yarn has pronounced twist, orif the yarn tends to twist or untwist during testing, a meansshould be provided to control yarn twist, such as an extensionarm on the applied weight which follows a guide.7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider spools or beams tobe the prim
26、ary sampling unit.7.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitAs a laboratory samplingunit take from the primary sampling unit a total length of yarnthat will provide eight test specimens for each of the appliedtensions as determined in Annex A2.7.2.1 Determine the specimen length sufficient to accommo-date the dis
27、tance needed to secure the yarn to the test apparatusmotor crank, through the pulley arrangement and to the appliedweight, allowing for movement of the crank and weight duringthe test. Add to this a suitable allowance for the length neededto attach the yarn to the crank and to the weight.7.2.2 Deter
28、mine the number and magnitudes of appliedtensions as directed in Annex A2.FIG. 1 General Arrangement of the Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Test ApparatusD6611 1627.2.3 Remove sufficient yarn from the primary sample priorto taking the laboratory sample to assure the test yarn has notbeen exposed to light, han
29、dling abuse, or other outside influ-ences.7.2.4 Handle the test specimens carefully to avoid alteringits natural state, including twist level.7.2.5 If testing is not conducted immediately, wind a suffi-cient length of yarn on a small spool or bobbin and place in amoisture proof container or package,
30、 and store in a dark areanot exposed to direct sunlight or other strong light sources.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,cut individual specimens to a length as determined in 7.2.7.3.1 Securely tie knots at each end of the specimen toprevent untwisting. For convenience, a small hoo
31、k, suitable forengaging the drive attachment and the applied tension, can beattached to each end of the specimen by means of a knot.8. Conditioning8.1 Preconditioning for Dry TestingIn preparation for drytesting, precondition each specimen as specified in PracticeD1776.8.2 Preconditioning for Wet Te
32、stingIn preparation for wettesting, precondition each specimen in a fresh tap water bath ata temperature of 20 6 5C (68 6 10F) for 60 6 5 min. Thismay be done either by soaking the yarn in a separate bath priorto mounting it on the test machine or by soaking the yarnmounted on the test machine prior
33、 to beginning testing. If aseparate bath is used, care must be taken to avoid damaging theyarn while mounting the yarn for testing.NOTE 1The yarn test specification may give a different soak time fortesting, with agreement of the interested parties. The yarn should not besoaked for more than the spe
34、cified time, as the abrasion resistanceproperties of some yarns is sensitive to the length of soak.9. Procedure9.1 Handle the test specimen carefully to avoid altering thenatural state of the yarn, including the level of twist.9.2 Mounting Specimen on Test MachineAttach one endof the specimen to the
35、 drive motor crank or to an extensiontether attached to the crank. Place the specimen over the firstupper guide pulley, around the opposite side of the lower guidepulley, under that lower pulley, and across itself and over thesecond upper guide pulley. This preliminary crossed-yarnposition is shown
36、at the left in Fig. 2.NOTE 2This position in which the yarn touches itself at the cross-overpoint but does not yet wrap around itself is referred to as the zero wrapposition.9.3 Mounting of WeightAttach weights of sufficient massto produce the prescribed applied tension to the other end of thespecim
37、en.9.4 Application of Yarn InterwrapsPlace the fingers of ahand or a suitable support object within the bight formed by theyarn passing under the lower pulley and temporarily removethe yarn from that pulley. Twist the hand or support object toapply three wraps to the yarn. Replace the yarn around th
38、elower pulley. The resulting yarn interwrap region shouldappear as shown at the right in Fig. 2.NOTE 3The yarn should have three complete wraps producing aninterwrap angle of 1080 (3 360). The yarn should pass out of theinterwrapped region continuing in the same direction as it entered into theregio
39、n.NOTE 4The yarn test specification may give a different number ofinterwraps for testing a particular yarn category, with agreement of theinterested parties.9.4.1 Relation of Direction of Twist to Direction ofInterwrapIf the yarn has a pronounced twist, the interwrapshould be applied in the same dir
40、ection as the twist, unless theyarn test specification gives different instructions.9.5 Dry TestingFor dry testing, conduct the test in anatmosphere with a relative humidity of 65 6 10 % and atemperature of 20 6 5C (68 6 10F).9.6 Wet TestingFor wet testing, place a beaker of fresh tapwater at a temp
41、erature of between 20 6 5C (68 6 10F)FIG. 2 Correct Method of Counting Number of Yarn Interwraps for Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Test MethodD6611 163around the yarn such that the interwrapped region of the yarnis completely immersed.9.7 Start of TestReset the counter(s) to zero. Start thedrive motor.9.8 C
42、onduct of TestCarry out the test until the yarn(s) failsdue to interyarn abrasion at the applied tension.9.9 Conclusion of TestAfter the yarn(s) fails, shut off thedrive motor. Record the number(s) of Cycles to Failure (CTF)for each specimen.9.10 Test eight yarn specimens as directed in this section
43、 foreach designated applied tension and for each set of testconditions.10. Calculation10.1 Geometric Mean Cycles to FailureCalculate thegeometric mean cycles to failure as follows:logM! 51n(i51nlogCTFi!M 5 10logM!(1)where:M = Geometric mean cycles to failure,CTFi= Cycles to failure for ith specimen,
44、n = Number of specimens,10.2 The Logarithm of the Standard Deviation of CTFCalculate the logarithm of the standard deviation, (log(s) ofthe number of cycles to failure by the following equation.logs! 5 1n 2 1(i51nlog CTFi! 2 log M!2s 5 10logs!(2)where:s = the geometric standard deviation.10.3 Upper
45、Bound/Lower Bound in CTFCalculate upperand lower bound by the following equations. The 95 %confidence intervals:logM! 2t2,n21logs!=n,logM!,logM!1t2,n21logs!=n(3)where:log(M) = the geometrical mean of the population,t/2, n1) = depends on the number of observations and thelevel of significance . Commo
46、nly, is set to 0.05two-sided. The value for t can be found in varioustables.Example with n=8,t2,n21logs!=n52.36logs!=85 0.84logs! (4)10.4 Present the results against applied tension.11. Report11.1 Report that the yarn-on-yarn abrasion resistance wasdetermined as directed in Test Method D6611.11.2 Re
47、port the following information for the laboratorysampling unit and for the lot as applicable to a materialspecification or contract order:11.2.1 Description of specimens, that is, yarn material, type,source, size, and parameters as required in relevant standardsfor tensile testing.11.2.2 Condition o
48、f Specimens, wet or dry, including soaktime.11.2.3 Applied tension, in mN/tex (g/denier).11.2.4 Mean cycles to failure, M at each applied tension.11.2.5 Log standard deviation of cycles to failure.11.3 If testing was conducted at more than two appliedtensions, plot and report the following informati
49、on:11.3.1 Plot the geometric mean cycles to failure (log (M)against applied tension on the normal scale (semi-log graph).11.3.2 Plot the lower and upper limit of the geometricalmean (Eq 3) for each applied tension on the same semi-loggraph.11.4 Further guidance on presenting the results is given inAnnex A2.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Two synthetic fiber yarns were tested in accordancewith Practice D2904 under conditions shown in Table 1. Thetesting was performed by a single operator on two multi-stationyar
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