1、Designation: D6615 14 An American National StandardStandard Specification forJet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6615; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications for purchases of aviation tur
3、binefuel under contract.1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviationturbine fuel for civil use. This fuel has advantages for opera-tions in very low temperature environments compared withother fuels described in Specification D1655. This fuel isintended for use in aircraft that are c
4、ertified to use such fuel.NOTE 1The technical requirements of this product, at the time of thefirst publication of this specification, are substantially identical to therequirements of Jet B in Specification D1655.1.3 This specification does not define the quality assurancetesting and procedures nec
5、essary to ensure that fuel in thedistribution system continues to comply with this specificationafter batch certification. Such procedures are definedelsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530,JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86
6、 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD1094
7、 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro
8、-leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine andAviation Turbine FuelD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD1660 Method of Test for Thermal Stability of AviationTurbine Fuels (Withdrawn 1992)3D1840 Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in
9、 Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet SpectrophotometryD2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in AviationFuel by Line SamplingD2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624
10、 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate FuelsD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur inGasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In AviationTurbine FuelsD3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxi
11、dation Stability ofAviation Turbine FuelsD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-acteristics ofAviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-eterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity o
12、f Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in
13、 Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcom
14、mittee D02.J0.01 on Jet Fuel Specifications.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6615 11A. DOI:10.1520/D6615-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
15、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrigh
16、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calo
17、rimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Avia-tion Turbine Fuels by the
18、Ball-on-Cylinder LubricityEvaluator (BOCLE)D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtrati
19、onD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromati
20、c Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index DetectionE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 IP Standard:4EI/JIG 1530 Quality Assurance Requirements for
21、 theManufacture, Storage and Distribution of Aviation Fuelsto AirportsIP 225 Copper Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel2.3 API Standards:5API 1543 Documentation, Monitoring and Laboratory Test-ing of Aviation Fuel During Shipment from Refinery toAirportAPI 1595 Design, Construction, Operation, Maintena
22、nce,and Inspection of Aviation Pre-Airfield Storage Termi-nals52.4 Joint Inspection Group Standards:6JIG 1 Aviation Fuel Quality Control avtag; Jet B; jet fuel; turbine fuel;wide-cut12Stadis 450 is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec Inc., InnospecManufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellsmere
23、 Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.13Tracer A (LDTA-A) is a registered trademark of Tracer Research Corp., 3755N. Business Center Dr., Tucson, AZ 85705.D6615 143APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AVIATION TURBINE FUELSX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 This appendix describes the
24、 performance character-istics of aviation turbine fuels. A more detailed discussion ofthe individual test methods and their significance is found inASTM Manual No. 1.14X1.2 Significance and UseX1.2.1 Specification D6615 defines one type of jet fuel forcivil use. Limiting values for the two types of
25、fuel covered areplaced on fuel properties believed to be related to the perfor-mance of the aircraft and engines in which they are mostcommonly used.14ASTM MNL 1, Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products,ASTM International, W. Conshohocken, 1993.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviatio
26、n Turbine FuelsAProperty Jet B ASTM Test MethodB1. Aromatics, vol % max 25 D13192. Aromatics, vol % max 26.5 D6379Sulfur, mercaptan,Cmass % max 0.003 D3227Sulfur, total mass % max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294,orD5453Distillation temperature, C:20 % recovered, temperature min 90 D8620 % recovered, temper
27、ature max 14550 % recovered, temperature min 11050 % recovered, temperature max 19090 % recovered, temperature max 245Distillation residue, % max 1.5Distillation loss, % max 1.5Density at 15C, kg/m3751 to 802 D1298 or D4052Vapor pressure, 38C, kPa 14 to 21 D323 or D5191DFreezing point, C max 50ED238
28、6 or D5972FNet heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 42.8GD4529, D3338,orD4809One of the following requirements shall be met:(1) Smoke point, mm, or min 25 D1322(2) Smoke point, mm, and min 18 D1322Naphthalenes, vol, % max 3.0 D1840Copper strip, 2 h at 100C No. 1 D130Thermal Stability:(2.5 h at control temp
29、erature of 260C min):Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241HTube deposits less than 3No Peacock or Abnormal Color Depos-itsExistent gum, mg/100 mL max 7 D381ADDITIVES See 5.2Electrical conductivity, pS/mID2624Microseparometer RatingJD3948Without electrical conductivity additive min 85With electric
30、al conductivity additive min 70AFor compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.CThe mercaptan sulfur determination may be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by the doctor test described in Test M
31、ethod D4952.DCyclohexane and toluene, as cited in 7.2 and 7.7 of Test Method D5191, shall be used as calibrating reagents. Test Method D5191 shall be the referee method.EOther freezing points may be agreed upon between supplier and purchaser.FTest Method D5972 may produce a higher (warmer) result th
32、an that from Test Method D2386 on wide-cut fuels such as Jet B or JP-4. In case of dispute, Test MethodD2386 shall be the referee method.GUse either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute, Test MethodD480
33、9 shall be used.HTube deposits shall always be reported by the Visual Method.IIf electrical conductivity additive is used, the conductivity shall not exceed 600 pS/m at the point of use of the fuel. When electrical conductivity additive is specified bythe purchaser, the conductivity shall be 50 to 6
34、00 pS/m under the conditions at point of delivery.1 pS/m 5 1 31021221m21JAt point of manufacture.D6615 144X1.2.2 The safe and economical operation of aircraft re-quires fuel that is essentially clean and dry and free of anycontamination prior to use. It is possible to measure a numberof jet fuel cha
35、racteristics related to quality.X1.2.3 The significance of standard tests for fuel propertiesmay be summarized for convenience in terms of the technicalrelationships with performance characteristics as shown inTable X1.1.X1.2.4 The acceptability of additives for use must ulti-mately be determined by
36、 the engine and aircraft type certificateholder and must be approved by his certifying authority. In theUnited States ofAmerica, the certifying authority is the FederalAviation Administration.X1.3 Thermal StabilityX1.3.1 Stability to oxidation and polymerization at theoperating temperatures encounte
37、red in certain jet aircraft is animportant performance requirement. The thermal stability mea-surements are related to the amount of deposits formed in theengine fuel system on heating the fuel in a jet aircraft.Commercial jet fuels should be thermally stable at fueltemperature as high as 163C (325F
38、). Such fuels have beendemonstrated to have inherent storage stability.X1.3.2 In 1973, Test Method D3241 replaced Method ofTest D1660, known as the ASTM Coker for the determinationof oxidative thermal stability. (See CRC Report 450, dated1969 and revised in 1972. See also Bert and Painters SAEpaper
39、730385.15) Today, a single pass/fail run with the tubetemperature controlled at 260C is used to ensure compliancewith the specifications minimum requirements. For a morecomplete characterization of a fuels thermal stability, a break-point can be obtained. The breakpoint is the highest tubetemperatur
40、e at which the fuel still passes the specificationrequirements of the tube deposit color and pressure differential.Normally, obtaining a breakpoint requires two or more runs atdiffering tube temperatures. Breakpoints are therefore not usedfor quality control, but they serve mostly for research purpo
41、ses.X1.4 CombustionX1.4.1 Jet fuels are continuously burned in a combustionchamber by injection of liquid fuel into the rapidly flowingstream of hot air. The fuel is vaporized and burned at nearstoichiometric conditions in a primary zone. The hot gases soproduced are continuously diluted with excess
42、 air to lower theirtemperature to a safe operating level for the turbine. Fuelcombustion characteristics relating to soot formation are em-phasized by current specification test methods. Other fuelcombustion characteristics not covered in current specificationsare burning efficiency and flame-out.X1
43、.4.2 In general, paraffin hydrocarbons offer the mostdesirable combustion cleanliness characteristics for jet fuels.Naphthenes are the next most desirable hydrocarbons for thisuse. Although olefins generally have good combustioncharacteristics, their poor gum stability usually limits their usein air
44、craft turbine fuels to about 1 % or less. Aromaticsgenerally have the least desirable combustion characteristicsfor aircraft turbine fuel. In aircraft turbines, they tend to burnwith a smoky flame and release a greater proportion of theirchemical energy as undesirable thermal radiation than the othe
45、rhydrocarbons. Naphthalenes or bicyclic aromatics producemore soot, smoke, and thermal radiation than monocyclicaromatics and are, therefore, the least desirable hydrocarbonclass for aircraft jet fuel use. All of the following measure-ments are influenced by the hydrocarbon composition of the15Bert,
46、 J. A., and Painter, L., “A New Fuel Thermal Stability Test (A Summaryof Coordinating Research Council Activity),” SAE Paper 730385, Society ofAutomotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1973.TABLE X1.1 Performance Characteristics of Aviation Turbine FuelsPerformance Characteristics Test Method SectionsEn
47、gine fuel system deposits and coke Thermal stability X1.3Combustion properties Smoke point X1.4.2.1Aromatics X1.4.2.2Percent naphthalenes X1.4.2.3Fuel metering and aircraft range Density X1.5.1Net heat of combustion X1.5.2Fuel atomization Distillation X1.6.1Vapor pressure X1.6.2Fluidity at low tempe
48、rature Freezing point X1.7.1Compatibility with elastomer and the metals in the fuel Mercaptan sulfur X1.8.1system and turbine Sulfur X1.8.2Copper strip corrosion X1.8.3Fuel storage stability Existent gum X1.9.1Fuel cleanliness, handling Water reaction X1.10.1Water separation characteristics X1.10.2F
49、ree water and particulate contamination X1.10.3Particulate matterMembrane color ratingsUndissolved waterX1.10.4X1.10.5X1.10.6Static electricity Conductivity X1.10.7Fuel lubricating ability (lubricity) Fuel lubricity X1.11Miscellaneous AdditivesSample containersLeak detection additiveColorX1.12.1X1.12.2X1.12.3X1.12.4D6615 145fuel and, therefore, pertain to combustion quality: luminometernumber, smoke point, percent naphthalenes, and percent aro-matics.16X1.4.2.1 Smoke PointThis method provides an indicationof the relative smoke-producing properties of jet fuels an
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