1、Designation: D 6616 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered BearingSimulator Viscometer at 100C1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination ofthe viscosit
3、y of engine oils at 100C and 1106s1using theTapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2NOTE 1This test method is similar to Test Method D 4683 which usesthe same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150C.1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this testmethod range from ap
4、proximately 5 to 12 mPas (cP) at 100Cand either the manual or automated protocol was used by eachparticipant in developing the precision statement. The viscosityrange of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPas(cP) to above 25 mPas (cP), depending on the model of TBS.1.3 The non-Newtonian
5、reference oil used to establish theshear rate of 1106s1for this test method has a viscosity ofapproximately 10 mPas at 100C.1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oilhas not been determined in preparing the viscometric informa-tion for this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI un
6、its are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPas)as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise(cP), which is shown in parentheses.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all o
7、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 4683 Test Method for
8、 Measuring Viscosity at High ShearRate and High Temperature by Tapered Bearing SimulatorD 4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-perature and High Shear Rate by Tapered-Plug Viscometer3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 density, nmass per unit volume. In the SI, the unit ofdensity is t
9、he kilogram per cubic metre. For practical use, thesubmultiple, gram per cubic centimetre, is more convenient.The density in gram per cubic centimetre is equal to 1/1000 thedensity in kg/m3.3.1.2 Newtonian oil or fluid, nan oil or fluid that at agiven temperature exhibits a constant viscosity at all
10、 shear ratesor shear stresses.3.1.3 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, nan oil or fluid thatexhibits a viscosity that varies with changing shear stress orshear rate.3.1.4 shear rate, nthe velocity gradient in fluid flow. TheSI unit for shear rate is s1.3.1.5 shear stress, nthe motivating force per unit are
11、a forfluid flow. The area is the area under shear. The SI unit forshear stress is the Pa.3.1.6 viscosity, nthe ratio between the applied shear stressand the rate of shear. It is sometimes called the coefficient ofdynamic viscosity. This coefficient is a measure of the resis-tance to flow of the liqu
12、id. In the SI, the unit of viscosity is thePascalsecond; often the milliPascalsecond or its equivalentthe centiPoise is found more convenient.3.1.6.1 apparent viscosity, nthe viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid at a given shear rate or shear stress determinedby this test method.3.2 Definitions of Ter
13、ms Specific to This Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. Originallyapproved in 2001. Las
14、t previous edition approved in 2006 as D 661601a(2006).2Available from Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642. Thisviscometer and associated equipment as listed in the research report was used todevelop the precision statement. To date, no other equipment has demonstrated,throughASTM I
15、nternational interlaboratory testing, the ability to meet the precisionof this test. This is not an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStan
16、dards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 idling oil2, nan oxidat
17、ively stable Newtonian oilinjected into the operating viscometer stator when the instru-ment is likely to be held for periods of time greater than 30 minand up to two weeks at 100C. Use of this oil prevents statordeposits from additives, which may decompose after longerexposure times in the operatin
18、g viscometer and permits con-tinuous operation of the viscometer without need to shut theinstrument off.3.2.2 Newtonian Reference Oil2, na specially blendedNewtonian oil that has the same viscosity at 100C as thenon-Newtonian reference oil of 3.2.3.3.2.3 non-Newtonian reference oil2, na specially fo
19、rmu-lated non-Newtonian oil, identified as NNR-10, having aselected apparent viscosity at 1106s1shear rate. The oil isused to establish an operating gap between the rotor and statorwhich will produce 1106s1shear rate when the rotor height isadjusted to give a torque output equivalent to that of the
20、specialreference oil described in 3.2.2.3.2.4 reciprocal torque intersection, 1/Ti, nthe rotor po-sition on the micrometer defined by the intersection of twostraight lines generated by the reciprocal torque method usingthe Newtonian reference oil of 3.2.2 and non-Newtonianreference oil of 3.2.3. Rec
21、iprocal torque versus rotor heightmeasurements on both oils gives straight lines whose intersec-tion, 1/Ti, establishes the desired rotor position for operation at1106s1shear rate.3.2.5 reference Newtonian calibration oils2, nspeciallychosen Newtonian oils used to determine the viscosity-torquerelat
22、ionship of the TBS viscometer at 100C from which theviscosity of an unknown oil is calculated.3.2.6 rotor height (rotor position), nthe vertical positionof the rotor relative to the stator and measured by the platformmicrometer.3.2.6.1 stored rotor height (rotor position), nthe rotorposition with th
23、e rotor 0.50 mm above the rubbing contactposition (see 3.2.7) when the instrument is shut down.3.2.7 rubbing contact position, nthe rotor height deter-mined when the tapered rotor is lightly brought into contactwith the similarly tapered stator.3.2.8 test oil, nany oil for which the apparent viscosi
24、ty isto be determined by this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A motor drives a tapered rotor closely fitted inside amatched tapered stator. Appropriate technique establishes op-eration of the viscometer to yield 1106s1at a temperature of100C at which point test oils are introduced into the
25、gapbetween the spinning rotor and stationary stator. The rotorexhibits a reactive torque to the viscous resistance of each testoil and the value of this torque response is used to determinethe apparent viscosity of the test oil at 100C.5. Significance and Use5.1 Viscosity at the shear rate and tempe
26、rature of this testmethod is thought to be particularly representative of bearingconditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as wellas automotive and heavy duty engines operating in thistemperature regime.5.2 The importance of viscosity under these conditions hasbeen stressed in railroad
27、specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometers2(TBS)a vis-cometer consisting of a motor connected to a slightly taperedrotor that fits into a matched stator. Several models of the TBSare in use. All of these are capable of analyzing test oils at100C but earlier models are more
28、limited in their upperviscosity range.6.2 Different models of the tapered bearing simulator (TBS)have the following upper levels of operating viscosities at1106s1shear rate:6.2.1 Model Series 400 (similar to Fig. 1);14 mPas(cP), dual speed.6.2.2 Model Series 500 (Fig. 1); 16 mPas (cP) singlespeed.6.
29、2.3 Model Series 600 (Fig. 2);100 mPas (cP) (usuallyliquid cooled), dual speed.6.2.4 Model Series SS (SuperShear) (similar to Fig. 1);20 mPas (cP), multi-speed.6.2.5 Model Series 2100 E (Fig. 3);20 mPas (cP) (seeNote 2), multi-speed.NOTE 2TBS Models 500, 600, and SS use a so-called bouncer toautomat
30、e unloading and reloading the load cell just before taking a torquereading. (All automated units apply the bouncer at the appropriate point ofoperation as part of their program.) If a bouncer is not on the TBS modelused (Model 400), the effect is generated by placing the thumb on thebrass weight pin
31、 and turning the turntable slightly in a clockwise directionand quickly releasing the turntable. The bearingless Models 2100 E do notrequire unloading the cell since there is no turntable bearing.6.3 Automated System for Calibration, Injection, and DataAnalysis ProgramsAn automated program for the T
32、aperedBearing Simulator, simulating the manual method has beenused.6.4 ConsoleThe console shown in Fig. 4 is similar inModels 400, 500, and 600. Consoles for Series SS and 2100 Ehave provisions for changing motor speed.All consoles containthe power source for the load cell, thermoregulator circuit,s
33、tator-heating element, and motor. They also contain thecircuitry for regulating and monitoring the temperature of theoil in the stator as well as the amplifier and digital readout ofthe load cell.NOTE 3The thermoregulator circuit of the TBS viscometers hasevolved as improvements have been made in th
34、e solid-state temperaturecontroller and heater. To achieve the 5 min analysis time specified in thistest method requires a late model solid-state controller with automaticreset coupled to a thermo-foil stator heater with small heat inertia or afast-responding thermoregulated liquid bath.26.5 Cooling
35、 SystemsTwo cooling systems are availablefor TBS viscometer work at 100C: forced air cooling andliquid bath cooling. The stator housing is prepared for theformer but must be modified for the latter according todirections from the manufacturer.6.6 Glass SyringeA 50-mL glass syringe equipped with aLue
36、r needle lock fits the tip of the filling tube for injection oftest oil into the test cell. Smaller glass and plastic syringes canbe used if any air bubble in the fill tube caused by the exchangeof syringes is first pulled up into the next syringe to be used.D66160726.7 Filter AssemblyA unit made of
37、 a filter holder2andnominal 10- filter2is interposed between the syringe and thefilling tube to remove particles capable of damaging therotor/stator cell.6.8 Data Recording EquipmentSome form of recordingthe torque and temperature data produced by the taperedbearing simulator is desired in order to
38、(1) determine torque/temperature equilibrium and (2) determine the torque withFIG. 1 Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Model 500FIG. 2 High Torque Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Model 600D6616073sufficient precision to calculate viscosity to the second decimalplace. Early in the use of the
39、TBS viscometer, a strip-chartrecorder was used, later an automated, computer-based record-ing system was developed with both a computer-simulatedstrip chart and with data digitally recorded.NOTE 4Although the console has a torque indicator that can be usedfor determining viscosity, it has been found
40、 that the small oscillatoryvariation of torque with time makes desirable the recording and analysisof the torque output more precise, particularly when determining torqueequilibrium.6.8.1 Strip-chart Recorder:6.8.1.1 If a strip-chart recorder is used to record the torqueand temperature output signal
41、s, use the manufacturers direc-tions for calibrating and setting up the strip chart for recordingFIG. 3 Multi-Speed Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Model 2100EFIG. 4 Control Console for Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer Models 400, 500, and 600D6616074torque/temperature data (see Note 5). Th
42、e torque reading mustbe in milliVolts and the temperature in C with a full-scalechart range of 20 to 120C.6.8.1.2 Use a chart speed of 1 cm/min for recording.6.8.1.3 Set and, when necessary, reset, the strip chart torquevoltage to that which will permit recording the torque as muchas possible on the
43、 upper two-thirds of the chart paper formaximum sensitivity.6.8.1.4 Factor the resulting voltage values to calculate thecorrect values of torque.NOTE 5Although the digital information from the torque output meteron the viscometer console can be, and is, used for recording additional testinformation,
44、 it is desirable to use a two-pen, strip-chart recorder or itscomputer equivalent since this provides a continuous torque/temperaturerecord of torque/temperature equilibrium necessary for precision incalibration and in calculating viscosity.6.8.2 Computer Accumulation of Torque and TemperatureDataCo
45、mputer recording of digital data can also be used forthe test method. Such programs should show data for bothtorque and stator temperature. Torque information should becapable of permitting the calculation of viscosity to the seconddecimal place.7. Materials7.1 Reference Newtonian Calibration Oils,2
46、Newtonian oilsof known dynamic viscosity at 100C. Table 1 shows thedynamic viscosity values of five Newtonian oils used indeveloping the information for this test method.7.2 Idling OilSee 3.2.1 for information and use.7.3 Non-Newtonian Reference Oil,2essential in setting therotor/stator gap to 1106s
47、1shear rate. The nominal level ofapparent viscosity of non-Newtonian reference oil, NNR-10used in applying this test method is given in Table 1.7.4 Polar Solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide is used todissolve any deposits on the rotor/stator surfaces after extendeduse.7.5 Source of moderate pressure
48、 (1 h), make sure the motor is off and slowly(;2 min) inject 50 mL of R-2400 into the stator while turningthe rotor using the upper Siamese collet connecting the motorshaft and the drive wire slowly between the thumb andforefinger.9.4 If the TBS Viscometer has been operating at 100C,proceed to Secti
49、on 11 unless recalibration is desired.9.4.1 If recalibration is desired, proceed to 10.2.10. Calibration10.1 If the operating position of the rotor in the stator hasalready been established in previous work at 100C, proceed toSection 12.10.2 If the operating position of the rotor in the stator mustbe established from a cold start for operation at 100C, followthe manufacturers instructions to find the rubbing contactTABLE 1 Reference Oil Viscosities at 100.0CReference Oil Characteristic Nominal Vis
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