1、Designation: D6640 01 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forCollection and Handling of Soils Obtained in Core BarrelSamplers for Environmental Investigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6640; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining soils fromcore barrel samp
3、lers for chemical and physical analysis, withan emphasis on the collection and handling procedures thatmaintain the representativeness of the chemical contaminantsof concern. Core barrel samplers are initially empty (hollow)until they are pushed into the ground to collect and retrieve acylindrical s
4、oil sample with minimal disturbance. The selectionof equipment and the sample handling procedures are depen-dent on the soil properties, the depth of sampling, and thegeneral properties of the chemical contaminants of concern,that is, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organiccompounds, and i
5、norganic constituents. The sampling proce-dures described are designed to maintain representative con-centrations of the contaminants regardless of their physicalstate(s), that is, solid, liquid or gas.1.2 Four general types of core barrel samplers are discussedin this practice: split-barrel, ring-l
6、ined barrel, thin-walled tube,and solid-barrel samplers.1.3 This document does not cover all the core barrel devicesthat are available for the collection of soil samples.1.4 The procedures described may or may not be applicableto handling of samples for assessing certain geotechnicalproperties, for
7、example, soil porosity.NOTE 1Prior to commencement of any intrusive exploration, the siteshould be checked for underground utilities.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
8、lish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
9、D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers andfor Preservation of Organic ConstituentsD4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Vo
10、latileOrganic CompoundsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvi-ronmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsu
11、rfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD5875 Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and SamplingMethods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-tion of Subsurface Water
12、-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for GeoenvironmentalExploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management Activ
13、itiesD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-StemAugers for Geotech-nical Exploration and Soil Sampling1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 onSampling Equipment.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Pub
14、lished September 2015. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6640-01 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D6640-01R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
15、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gations
16、D6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivitiesD6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationsD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environ-mental Site Characterization3. Summary of Practice3.1
17、Obtaining soil samples from the surface and subsurfacefor chemical and physical analysis often involves the advance-ment of a core barrel sampler into the ground. A core barrelsampler can be operated by hand or mechanically, and it maybe of a closed or open design (Guide D6282). Once the corebarrel
18、has been filled, the sampler is recovered from the borehole and the soil sample is handled appropriately for thechemical constituents of concern.3.2 This practice describes collection and handling proce-dures used with four types of core barrel samplers. Thestandards related to data quality objectiv
19、es (Practice D5792),equipment specifications (Guides D6232, D6169 and D4700),their limitations and advantages (Guide D6282), and thesite-specific geological and hydrological data should be re-viewed to determine the soil coring equipment that is bestsuited for a specific project.4. Significance and
20、Use4.1 Often during environmental investigations, soils areanalyzed after being collected from the surface, the vadosezone (Terminology D653) and sometimes from below theground water table to identify and quantify the presence of achemical contaminant. A contaminant is a substance that istypically h
21、azardous and either is not normally present or thatoccurs naturally but is of an uncharacteristically high concen-tration (Guide D4687). A three-dimensional spatial array ofsamples can often provide information as to the source androute(s) of migration of the contaminant. The resultant infor-mation
22、is used to direct remedial and corrective actions or canbe used for monitoring purposes. Obtaining a soil sample witha core barrel sampler involves driving this device into theground and then retrieving it for sample processing. Severalmethods for advancing a core barrel are generally acceptable(for
23、 example, Test Method D1586, Practice D1587, PracticeD3550, Guide D4700, Guide D5784, Guide D5875, GuideD5876, Practice D6151, Guide D6282, and Guide D6286).Drilling methods that use drilling fluids (liquids or air) shouldbe avoided because they are more susceptible to cross-contamination (See 5.1.6
24、).5. Equipment Selection Criteria5.1 Important criteria to consider when selecting a corebarrel sampler for soil sampling are:5.1.1 The materials that come into direct contact with thesoil sample (barrel or barrel liner) should be compatible withthe chemical or physical properties of the contaminant
25、(s) ofconcern and the chemical properties of the soil. As a generalrule samples obtained for semi-volatile organic compoundanalysis can be obtained within a core barrel or core barrel linerthat is composed of stainless steel, steel, or brass. When onlyinorganic constituents are of concern, a plastic
26、 core barrel linerwould be more appropriate than the previously cited materials.All of these materials are suitable for volatile organic com-pounds as long as the contact time is minimized. Often all ofthe above samples (semi-volatile organic, inorganic, and vola-tile organic compounds) are obtained
27、 from a single soil core. Inthis situation, soils should be taken from the interior of the soilcore to avoid potential interferences between the contaminantsof concern and the surface of the core barrel that is in directcontact with the sample.5.1.2 The design of the core barrel sampler should allow
28、 foreasy access to the sampled substrate for all subsequent han-dling procedures.5.1.3 Core barrel size requirements depend on the type andnumber of chemical constituents of concern. For example,more soil is needed for the collection of samples intended forsemi-volatile organic compound analysis tha
29、n for the analysisof volatile organic compounds or inorganic constituents orboth. Typically, a 250-mL (8-oz) bottle is filled for the analysisof semi-volatile organic compounds, a 125-mL(4-oz) bottle forinorganic constituents, and only 5-g subsamples are taken forvolatile organic compounds.5.1.4 Sui
30、tability for soil type, that is, grain size, cohesionproperties, and moisture content. For example, when samplingnon-cohesive materials or when sampling below the watertable, a core catcher (basket) should be used to limit the loss ofsample and ground water during retrieval (Guides D4700 andD6282).5
31、.1.5 The spreading of contamination between samplingdepths should be minimized. Sealed hollow-barrel samplers(6.1.4) or cased bore holes and proper advancement techniquesshould be used to limit cross-contamination between samplingdepths in the vadose zone.Although a cased bore hole does notguarantee
32、 that contamination will not be spread from onesampling depth to another, it lowers the possibility andeliminates the potential for bore hole collapse and side wallslough that can compromise the integrity of the samplesremoved from uncased bore holes. When there is standingground water in the bore h
33、ole, a sealed sampler system shouldbe used.5.1.6 Other criteria that should be considered when select-ing a core barrel sampler for soil sampling include samplingdepth (see Guide D6286, for selection of drilling method), siteaccessibility, time constraints, and appropriate equipmentavailability.6. S
34、ampling Equipment6.1 The types of core barrel samplers discussed in thispractice are the split-barrel, ring-lined barrel, thin-walled tube,and solid-barrel samplers. These samplers are part of equip-ment that is either manually or mechanically powered, aredesigned to excavate a bore hole to the samp
35、ling depth, andmay remain in the bore hole during the sample collectionactivity (that is, cased bore hole or dual-walled casing).6.1.1 Split-Barrel SamplerAs described in Test MethodD1586 and Guide D4700, the split-barrel sampler is composedD6640 01 (Reapproved 2015)2of a core barrel cut in half alo
36、ng the length of the barrel, ahardened metal drive shoe (cutting tip) and a sample head thatvents (for example, a ball check valve) to allow air to bedisplaced as it is filled (see Fig. 1). The shoe and the headthread onto opposite ends of the split barrel and hold the twohalves together.Acommon bar
37、rel size is 5.08 cm (2 in.) outsidediameter and 3.81 cm (1.5 in.) inside diameter. The drive shoeused with this particular barrel size has an inside diameter of3.49 cm (1.375 in.). If fitted with a liner for encasing thesample, the inside diameter of the core barrel liner should notbe less than the
38、drive shoe. Several other sizes of split-barrelsamplers are available, with inside diameters ranging from 2.5to 10 cm. A core barrel catcher (basket) can be used with thistype of sampler to help retain non-cohesive materials. Thesplit-barrel sampler is often used in conjunction with hollow-stem cont
39、inuous-flight augers or an equivalent drilling ordirect-push probe system (Guides D4700 and D6282).6.1.2 Ring-Lined Barrel SamplerAs described in PracticeD3550 and Guide D4700, the ring-lined barrel sampler consistsof an intact barrel or two split-barrel halves, a drive shoe, rings,a waste barrel, a
40、nd a sampler head that vents (for example, aball check valve) to allow air to be displaced as it is filled (Fig.2). The rings, which come in various lengths and are made ofseveral different materials, should fit snugly within the barrel.The inside diameter of the rings should not be less than that o
41、fthe drive shoe opening. The lengths of the rings will depend onthe sampling plan so as to either allow quick access to a crosssection of the soil core at a depth of interest or allow theappropriate size sample to be collected (see 8.1.2). The wastebarrel section allows the rings to be filled with u
42、ndisturbed soilby leaving space to contain the disturbed soil that often ispresent at the bottom of a hole. A core catcher (basket) can beused with this type of sampler to help retain non-cohesivematerials. This sampler is often used in conjunction withhollow-stem continuous flight augers, or an equ
43、ivalent drillingor direct-push probe system (Guides D4700 and D6282).6.1.3 Thin-Walled Tube SamplerAs described in PracticeD1587 and Guide D4700, the thin-walled tube sampler consistsof a core barrel attached to a head (Fig. 3). The head connectsto standard drill rods and contains a vent (for exampl
44、e, a ballcheck valve) to allow air to be displaced as it is filled. Thissampler description is unique to the Shelby tube, which isavailable with outside diameters of 5.08, 7.62, and 12.70 cm (2,3, and 5 in.), and a length of approximately 0.91 m (36 in.). Inall cases the drive end of the thin-walled
45、 tube sampler has aslightly smaller diameter than the inside of the tube. A corebarrel catcher (basket) cannot be used with this type ofsampler; therefore, non-cohesive materials may be lost duringretrieval. These samplers are often used in conjunction withFIG. 1 Split Barrel SamplerFIG. 2 Ring-Line
46、d Barrel SamplerD6640 01 (Reapproved 2015)3hollow-stem continuous-flight augers or an equivalent drillingor direct-push probe system (Guides D4700 and D6282).6.1.4 Solid Barrel SamplerThe solid-barrel sampler issimilar in design to the thin-tube sampler, with some importantexceptions; the walls are
47、thicker and they often can beequipped with a liner(s) and a core catcher (Guide D6282, seeFigs. 4 and 5). Most of the core barrel samplers in GuideD6282 are designed to be a closed chamber until the depth ofinterest is reached, then either the entire sampler or an innerbarrel is driven to a greater
48、depth, without advancing or afterretracting the drive point or piston tip. The open chamber (nodrive point or piston tip) sampler design is often used fornear-surface sampling equipment (Fig. 5).7. Pre-Sampling7.1 The pre-sampling activities are:7.1.1 Equipment that comes into direct contact with th
49、esample should be steam cleaned, washed with a detergentsolution, and rinsed with contaminant-free water, desorbingagents, and deionized water (Practice D5088). The other piecesof equipment should be either steam-cleaned or washed with adetergent solution and rinsed with contaminant-free water.7.1.2 The cutting tip or shoe should have a sharp edge. Oncedulled, the cutting tip or shoe should be sharpened or replaced.7.1.3 A work station should be set up for capping the corebarrel sampler or when opening to remove subsamples. Thiswork station should consist of a flat clean surfac
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