1、Designation: D6661 10Standard Practice forField Collection of Organic Compounds from SurfacesUsing Wipe Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6661; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice addresses sampling of organic compounds(i.e., PCBs, dioxins, many pesticides and similar compounds)from
3、 smooth nonporous surfaces using a solvent-wetted wipesampling method. Samples are collected in a manner thatpermits the solvent extraction of the organic compound(s) ofinterest from the wipes and subsequent determination using alaboratory analysis technique such as gas chromatography witha suitable
4、 detector. This practice is, however, unsuitable for thecollection of volatile organic compounds.1.2 This practice should only be used to collect samples forthe determination of organic compound(s) on a loading basis(e.g., mass per unit area). It cannot be used to collect samplesfor the determinatio
5、n of organic compounds on a concentrationbasis (e.g., mass per unit mass).1.3 This wipe sampling practice is not recommended forcollecting samples of organic compounds from rough or poroussurfaces such as upholstery, carpeting, brick, rough concrete,ceiling tiles, and bare wood. It is also not inten
6、ded for thecollection of dust samples (see Practice E1278) or sampling toestimating human exposure to contaminated surfaces.1.4 To ensure valid conclusions are reached, a sufficientnumber of samples must be obtained as directed by a samplingdesign (the number and location of samples including qualit
7、ycontrol samples) and a quality assurance/quality control plan.This practice does not address the sampling designs used toachieve the data quality objectives (see Practice D5792).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstanda
8、rd.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Reference
9、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesE1278 Guide for Radioactive Pathway Metho
10、dology forRelease of Sites Following Decommissioning33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, refer to Terminology D5681.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 wipe, nsorbent material (e.g., cotton gauze) that isrubbed on a surface to collect a
11、sample for chemical analysis.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A wipe sample is collected from a smooth nonporoussurface with a solvent-wetted wipe following a specifiedpattern of wiping to ensure complete coverage of an area ofspecified dimensions. The wipe is then extracted and analyzedto detect and quant
12、ify (at least semiquantitatively) the presenceof organic compounds on surfaces.5. Significance and Use5.1 Wipe sampling is typically used by persons involved inhazardous waste site investigations to characterize the arealextent and the level of contamination on walls, floors, equip-ment, etc. Wipe s
13、ampling is also used to determine compliancewith regulations.5.2 There are many factors that contribute to variation insampling results during wipe sampling including, the use ofdifferent pressures applied to the wipe, different kinds of wipes,different wiping patterns, the texture of the surface be
14、ing1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 onSampling Techniques.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D
15、6661-01 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D6661-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last app
16、roved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.wiped, and perhaps even the duration of wiping. The signifi-cance of this practice is that it standardizes wiping
17、proceduresto reduce sampling variability in the collection of samples fromsmooth, nonporous surfaces such as metal, glass, painted orsealed surfaces, tile, etc., in and around buildings, and frompipes, tanks, decontaminated equipment, etc.6. Sampling Equipment and Supplies6.1 Sample ContainersAirtig
18、ht amber glass sample con-tainers with PTFE-lined caps such as 40-mL volatile organicanalysis vials are recommended. Larger 125-mL wide mouthbottles may also be used which eliminate the need for forcepsto place or remove wipes from the sample container. Tominimize solvent handling in the field, wipe
19、s may be wettedwith solvent in the laboratory and shipped to the field in thesample container.6.2 WipesCotton gauze pads 7.6-cm square are to be used.Sterile surgical gauze pads are typically used without preclean-ing however, samples of the pads should be analyzed orotherwise determined to be free
20、of the target compounds andsubstances that could interfere with the analytical method. Ifnecessary, pads should be precleaned by solvent extraction in alaboratory prior to field use.6.3 SolventA high purity solvent (one which is free ofcontaminants that might interfere with analysis), capable ofsolu
21、blizing the target organic compound and compatible withthe surface being wiped, should be used. For collecting PCBsand most pesticides (e.g., chlordane, chlorpyrifos andmalathion) isooctane is an effective solvent. For carbamates orknown polar pesticides, isopropanol is more effective. Someguidance
22、on solvent selection (Table 1) was generated by EPA4using thin layer chromatography (TLC) saturation pads (essen-tially a heavy filter paper) which generally performs similarlyto cotton gauze pads. Hexane is another commonly usedsolvent to consider for PCB sampling. Some effective solventssuch as ac
23、etone are not the most desirable because interferingcompounds from some surfaces can also be recovered.4Theanalytical laboratory should be able to assist in selecting aproper wiping solvent compatible with the surface to besampled and with the analytical procedures.6.4 Disposable GlovesPowderless gl
24、oves which protectthe samplers hands from the solvent and do not contribute anypossibly interfering contaminants should be used. A new pairof gloves should be used for each wipe.6.5 Sampling Template (Optional)Templates made ofstainless steel, aluminum, disposable heavy-duty aluminumfoil or other in
25、ert material can be used to expose a 10-cm by10-cm surface area to be wiped.6.6 OtherStandard field sampling supplies are discussedin Guide D4687 and may include a copy of the sampling plan,chain-of-custody forms, custody seals, logbook, camera, fielddata sheets, sample labels, forceps, noncontamina
26、ting marker(e.g., pencil, scribe), decontamination supplies, and solventdispenser. Additional detailed equipment lists are included inEPA publications.5, 67. Procedure7.1 Review the sampling plan and sampling procedures,assemble sampling equipment, ensure personnel are adequatelytrained for their ta
27、sks, arrange logistics, and ensure supplieswill be available at the site when needed. Since samplingresults can vary between operators sampling identical surfaces,the same person should collect all wipe samples at a given site5to minimize variability and enhance comparison of results fromvarious loc
28、ations.7.2 Locate the sampling points as specified in, or accordingto the guidance of, the sampling plan.7.3 Install the sample template or otherwise delineate thearea to be sampled, normally a 10-cm by 10-cm area. This canbe achieved by either taping a template in place (caution, tapeused to secure
29、 a template should not be wiped since this maycontaminate the sample), or by drawing the boundary of thearea to be sampled with a noncontaminating marker. Althougha 10-cm by 10-cm area is the standard-size template, the areadoes not have to be square as long as a 100-cm2area is beingsampled. If cont
30、aminant levels are expected to be low, greatersensitivity may be achieved by sampling a larger area. In allcases, the location and dimensions (e.g., length, width, diam-eter) of the area sampled must be recorded and possiblyphotographed.7.4 Don a new glove and obtain a clean wipe. If precleanedwipes
31、 were shipped in sample containers, forceps can be usedto remove the wipe from the container.7.5 If solvent-wetted wipes were not shipped to the field,dispense solvent (2 mL recommended although somewhatmore may be desired if shipping solvent-wetted wipes to thefield in 125-mL bottles) onto the cott
32、on gauze pad. A repeatingdispenser can be used for dispensing the same amount ofsolvent to each wipe. The EPAs PCB program specifies theuse of a saturated, but not dripping, wipe (5 mL of solvent),54Carr, B. L. and Hill, D. F., Sampling of Common Pesticides and PCBs fromInert Surfaces, EPA 330/1-90-
33、001, National Enforcement Investigations Center,Denver, CO,1989.5Smith, J. H., Wipe Sampling and Double Wash/Rinse Cleanup as Recom-mended by the Environmental Protection Agency PCB Spill Cleanup Policy, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,1991.6U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
34、Chip, Wipe and Sweep Sampling,SOP#: 2011, Environmental Response Team, NJ,1994.TABLE 1 Contaminant Recovery Data Using Common Solventsand TLC Pads3Compound Solvent Percent RecoveryChlordane Acetone 71Isooctane 54Chlorpyrifos Acetone 72Isooctane 56Malathion Dichloromethane 81Isooctane 80Diazinon Isoo
35、ctane 70Aroclor 1260 Isooctane 80Acetone 76Bendiocarb Acetone 85Isopropanol 84Propoxur Isopropanol 96Acetone 90D6661 102which may slightly increase contaminant recovery, but re-search has shown more consistent results using 2 mL ofsolvent.47.6 Wipe the entire surface to be sampled using firm strokes
36、by pressing with the fingertips. Wipe vertically and thenhorizontally to ensure there is complete coverage in bothdirections with minimal overlap of the previous stroke. Theobjective is to systematically, thoroughly, and consistentlywipe the entire target area twice, each time from a differentdirect
37、ion.5Excess wiping (e.g., more than single coverage ineach direction) has been shown to reduce organic contaminantrecovery.47.7 Fold the wipe with the sampled side inward, place it inthe sample container, and cap the container. EPAs PCBprogram specifies air drying the saturated cotton gauze pad,eith
38、er in the laboratory or the field. Field drying can beaccomplished by placing wipes on clean aluminum foil or inthe sample container with the lid off (ensure no liquid solventis lost when placing wet wipes in the sample jar).7.8 Label the sample container and complete standarddocumentation procedure
39、s.7.9 Store the sample out of direct sunlight, cool to 4C andship or transport the sample(s) to the laboratory.7.10 Quality control samples should be collected as speci-fied in the sampling or quality assurance/quality control plan.The types of quality control samples may include blank,second wipe,
40、duplicate, and spiked samples5as describedbelow but may include other types as needed to achieve theobjectives.7.10.1 The first type of blank sample is a wipe in anunopened sample container (if provided to the field in thismanner) or a clean wipe (with or without solvent) placed in asample container
41、. This type of blank is useful in determiningwhether the wipes and possibly the solvent are contaminated.The second type of blank is a wipe sample collected from acontrol area for each type of surface sampled. This type ofblank is useful in determining whether contaminants may havebeen extracted fro
42、m the surface sampled (e.g., target orinterfering contaminants from painted, plastic, tile, etc. sur-faces).7.10.2 Two other types of quality control samples aresecond wipes and duplicate samples. A second wipe sample iscollected from exactly the same area and immediately after theregular sample is
43、collected. These sample results are used toestimate the residual contamination remaining after regularsampling. The data can be used to calculate an estimate of totalsurface contamination (this calculation is beyond the scope ofthis standard). This type of wipe is important for samplingrelatively mo
44、re porous surfaces such as vinyl tile. A duplicatesample is collected immediately adjacent to the regular sampleand can be used to estimate sample collection precision(assuming the immediately adjacent area has the same level ofcontamination).8. Keywords8.1 sample collection; surface sample; wipe; w
45、ipe sampleASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such r
46、ights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for addition
47、al standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the AS
48、TM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D6661 103
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