1、Designation: D6661 10D6661 17Standard Practice forField Collection of Organic Compounds from SurfacesUsing Wipe Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6661; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice addresses sampling of organic compounds (i.e., (that is, PCBs, dioxins, many pesticides and sim
3、ilarcompounds) from smooth nonporous surfaces using a solvent-wetted wipe sampling method. Samples are collected in a mannerthat permits the solvent extraction of the organic compound(s) of interest from the wipes and subsequent determination using alaboratory analysis technique such as gas chromato
4、graphy with a suitable detector. This practice is, however, unsuitable for thecollection of volatile organic compounds.1.2 This practice should only be used to collect samples for the determination of organic compound(s) on a loading basis (e.g.,(for example, mass per unit area). It cannot be used t
5、o collect samples for the determination of organic compounds on aconcentration basis (e.g., (for example, mass per unit mass).1.3 This wipe sampling practice is not recommended for collecting samples of organic compounds from rough or poroussurfaces such as upholstery, carpeting, brick, rough concre
6、te, ceiling tiles, and bare wood. It is also not intended for the collectionof dust samples (see PracticeGuide E1278) or sampling to estimatingestimate human exposure to contaminated surfaces.1.4 To ensure valid conclusions are reached, a sufficient number of samples must be obtained as directed by
7、a sampling design(the number and location of samples including quality control samples) and a quality assurance/quality control plan. This practicedoes not address the sampling designs used to achieve the data quality objectives (see Practice D5792).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regard
8、ed as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenviro
9、nmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, G
10、uides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data
11、 Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data QualityObjectivesE1278 Guide for Radioactive Pathway Methodology for Release of Sites Following Decommissioning (Withdrawn 2005)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology D5681.3.2 De
12、finitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on SamplingTechniques.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010Dec. 1, 2017. Published January 2011December 2017. Or
13、iginally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20062010as D6661D6661 10.-01 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D6661-10.10.1520/D6661-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume in
14、formation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been
15、 made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
16、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 wipe, nsorbent material (e.g., (for example, cotton gauze) that is rubbed on a surface to collect a sample for chemicalanalysis.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A wipe sample is collected
17、 from a smooth, nonporous surface with a solvent-wetted wipe following a specified pattern ofwiping to ensure complete coverage of an area of specified dimensions. The wipe is then extracted and analyzed to detect andquantify (at least semiquantitatively) the presence of organic compounds on surface
18、s.5. Significance and Use5.1 Wipe sampling is typically used by persons involved in hazardous waste site investigations to characterize the areal extentand the level of contamination on walls, floors, equipment, etc. Wipe sampling is also used to determine compliance withregulations.5.2 There are ma
19、ny factors that contribute to variation in sampling results during wipe sampling including,sampling, includingthe use of different pressures applied to the wipe, different kinds of wipes, different wiping patterns, the texture of the surface beingwiped, and perhaps even the duration of wiping. The s
20、ignificance of this practice is that it standardizes wiping procedures to reducesampling variability in the collection of samples from smooth, nonporous surfaces such as metal, glass, painted or sealed surfaces,tile, etc., in and around buildings,buildings and from pipes, tanks, decontaminated equip
21、ment, etc.6. Sampling Equipment and Supplies6.1 Sample ContainersAirtight amber glass sample containers with PTFE-lined caps such as 40-mL volatile organic analysisvials are recommended. Larger 125-mL wide mouth wide-mouth bottles may also be used, which eliminateeliminates the need forforceps to pl
22、ace or remove wipes from the sample container. To minimize solvent handling in the field, wipes may be wetted withsolvent in the laboratory and shipped to the field in the sample container.6.2 WipesCotton gauze pads 7.6-cm squarepads, 7.6 cm2 are to be used. , are usually used, though other types of
23、 wipes areacceptable. Sterile surgical gauze pads are typically used without precleaning, however, samples of the pads should be analyzedor otherwise determined to be free of the target compounds and substances that could interfere with the analytical method. Ifnecessary, pads should be precleaned b
24、y solvent extraction in a laboratory prior to field use.6.3 SolventA high purity high-purity solvent (one which is free of contaminants that might interfere with analysis), capableof solublizing the target organic compound and compatible with the surface being wiped, should be used. For collecting P
25、CBs andmost pesticides (e.g., (for example, chlordane, chlorpyrifos and malathion)malathion), isooctane is an effective solvent. Forcarbamates or known polar pesticides, isopropanol is more effective. Some guidance on solvent selection (Table 1) was generatedby the EPA4 using thin layer chromatograp
26、hy (TLC) saturation pads (essentially a heavy filter paper) which generallyperformsperform similarly to cotton gauze pads. Hexane is another commonly used solvent to consider for PCB sampling. Someeffective solvents, such as acetone, are not the most desirable because interfering compounds from some
27、 surfaces can also berecovered.4 The analytical laboratory should be able to assist in selecting a proper wiping solvent compatible with the surface tobe sampled and with the analytical procedures.6.4 Disposable GlovesPowderless gloves which protect the samplers hands from the solvent and do not con
28、tribute anypossibly interfering contaminants should be used. A new pair of gloves should be used for each wipe.4 Carr, B. L. and Hill, D. F., Sampling of Common Pesticides and PCBs from Inert Surfaces, EPA330/1-90-001, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Denver, CO,1989.TABLE 1 Contaminant R
29、ecovery Data Using Common Solventsand TLC Pads4Compound Solvent Percent RecoveryChlordane Acetone 71Isooctane 54Chlorpyrifos Acetone 72Isooctane 56Malathion Dichloromethane 81Isooctane 80Diazinon Isooctane 70Aroclor 1260 Isooctane 80Acetone 76Bendiocarb Acetone 85Isopropanol 84Propoxur Isopropanol 9
30、6Acetone 90D6661 1726.5 Sampling Template (Optional)Templates made of stainless steel, aluminum, disposable heavy-duty aluminum foil foil,cardboard, or other inert material can be used to expose a 10-cm10 by 10-cm surface area to be wiped.6.6 OtherStandard field sampling supplies are discussed in Gu
31、ide D4687 and may include a copy of the sampling plan,chain-of-custody forms, custody seals, logbook, camera, field data sheets, sample labels, forceps, noncontaminating marker (e.g.,(for example, pencil, scribe), decontamination supplies, and solvent dispenser. Additional detailed equipment lists a
32、re included inEPA publications.5,67. Procedure7.1 Review the sampling plan and sampling procedures, assemble sampling equipment, ensure personnel are adequately trainedfor their tasks, arrange logistics, and ensure supplies will be available at the site when needed. Since sampling results can varybe
33、tween operators sampling identical surfaces, the same person should collect all wipe samples at a given site5 to minimizevariability and enhance comparison of results from various locations.locations, when possible.7.2 Locate the sampling points as specified in, or according to the guidance of, the
34、sampling plan.7.3 Install the sample template or otherwise delineate the area to be sampled, normally a 10-cm10 by 10-cm area. This can beachieved by either taping a template in place (caution, tape (cautiontape used to secure a template should not be wiped sincethis may contaminate the sample), or
35、by drawing the boundary of the area to be sampled with a noncontaminating marker.Althougha 10-cm10 by 10-cm area is the standard-size standard size template, the area does not have to be square as long as a 100-cm2area is being sampled. If contaminant levels are expected to be low, greater sensitivi
36、ty may be achieved by sampling a larger area.In all cases, the location and dimensions (e.g., (for example, length, width, diameter) of the area sampled must be recorded andpossibly photographed.7.4 Don a new glove and obtain a clean wipe. If precleaned wipes were shipped in sample containers, force
37、ps can be used toremove the wipe from the container.7.5 If solvent-wetted wipes were not shipped to the field, dispense solvent (2 mL recommended although somewhat more maybe desired if shipping solvent-wetted wipes to the field in 125-mL bottles) onto the cotton gauze pad. wipe. A repeating dispens
38、ercan be used for dispensing the same amount of solvent to each wipe. The EPAs PCB program specifies the use of a saturated,but not dripping, wipe (5 mL of solvent),5 which may slightly increase contaminant recovery, but research has shown moreconsistent results using 2 mL of solvent.47.6 Wipe the e
39、ntire surface to be sampled using firm strokes by pressing with the fingertips. Wipe vertically and thenhorizontally to ensure there is complete coverage in both directions with minimal overlap of the previous stroke. The objective isto systematically, thoroughly, and consistently wipe the entire ta
40、rget area twice, each time from a different direction.5 Excesswiping (e.g., (for example, more than single coverage in each direction) has been shown to reduce organic contaminant recovery.47.7 Fold the wipe with the sampled side inward, place it in the sample container, and cap the container. EPAs
41、The EPAs PCBprogram specifies air drying the saturated cotton gauze pad, wipe, either in the laboratory or the field. Field drying can beaccomplished by placing wipes on clean aluminum foil or in the sample container with the lid off (ensure no liquid solvent is lostwhen placing wet wipes in the sam
42、ple jar).7.8 Label the sample container and complete standard documentation procedures.7.9 Store the sample out of direct sunlight, cool to 4C6 C, and ship or transport the sample(s) to the laboratory.7.10 Quality control samples should be collected as specified in the sampling or quality assurance/
43、quality control plan. Thetypes of quality control samples may include blank, second wipe, duplicate, co-located “duplicate,” and spiked samples5 asdescribed below but may include other types as needed to achieve the objectives.7.10.1 The first type of blank sample is a wipe in an unopened sample con
44、tainer (if provided to the field in this manner) or aclean wipe (with or without solvent) placed in a sample container. This type of blank is useful in determining whether the wipesand possibly the solvent are contaminated. The second type of blank is a wipe sample collected from a control area for
45、each typeof surface sampled. This type of blank is useful in determining whether contaminants may have been extracted from the surfacesampled (e.g., (for example, target or interfering contaminants from painted, plastic, tile, etc. surfaces).7.10.2 Two other types of quality control samples are seco
46、nd wipes and duplicate samples. A second wipe sample is collectedfrom exactly the same area and immediately after the regular sample is collected. These sample results are used to estimate theresidual contamination remaining after regular sampling. The data can be used to calculate an estimate of to
47、tal surfacecontamination (this calculation is beyond the scope of this standard). This type of wipe is important for sampling relatively moreporous surfaces such as vinyl tile. A duplicate sample is collected immediately adjacent to the regular sample and can be used toestimate sample collection pre
48、cision (assuming the immediately adjacent area has the same level of contamination).5 Smith, J. H., Wipe Sampling and Double Wash/Rinse Cleanup as Recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency PCB Spill Cleanup Policy, U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Washington, DC, 1991.6 U.S. Environment
49、al Protection Agency, Chip, Wipe and Sweep Sampling, SOP#: 2011, Environmental Response Team, NJ, 1994.D6661 1738. Keywords8.1 sample collection; surface sample; wipe; wipe sampleASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by th
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